UPSC Prelims PYQ › Ancient & Medieval › General & Miscellaneous
General & Miscellaneous — UPSC Prelims Ancient & Medieval previous year questions — page 3
105 solved previous year questions on General & Miscellaneous, papers from 1990 to 2022, drawn from UPPCS, State PCS, UPSC CDS. Each carries the printed answer key and the explanation from the source compilation.
- #81Practice setConsider the following statements with respect to trade practices followed during medieval India: 1. Gujarati traders brought gold and ivory from Africa to India. 2. The towns on the west coast of India were home to Arab, Persian and Chinese traders. 3. Indian spices and cloth sold in the Red Sea ports were purchased by Italian traders.How many of the above given statements are correct?
- AOnly one
- BOnly two
- CAll three
- DNone
Answer: (C) All threeExplanation
Option c is the correct 1 is correct: Gujarati traders, including of Hindu Baniyas and Muslim Bohras, with the ports of the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Southeast Asia and China. They sold textiles in these ports and, in exchange, brought gold from 2 is correct: The towns on the west home to Arab, Persian, Chinese, Jewish and traders Statement 3 is correct: Indian spices and cloth sofc( Red Sea ports were purchased by Italian traders reached European markets, fetching very Important Tips Gujarati traders brought spices, tin, Chinese blue pottery and silver from Southeast Asia and China. Spices grown in tropical climates (pepper, cinnamon; nutmeg, dried ginger, etc.) be came an important part of European cooking, and cotton cloth was very attractive. This eventually drew European traders to India
- #82Practice setWhich of the following were the reasons behind the defeat of Rajputs by Turkish rulers? 1. Superior weapons of the Turks as compared to the Indians. 2. Turks had more elephants _in their army. 73. 3. Weak feudalistic administrative structure of Raj puts.Select the correct answer using the code given below
- A3 only
- B2 and 3 only
- C1 and 3 only
- D1, 2 and 3
Answer: (A) 3 onlyExplanation
Option a is the correct 1 is incorrect. Recent research shows that did not have any superior weapons at their compared to the 2 is incorrect. More number of elephants the Indian side. The Turks had th e advantage of sturdy hors es brought by them th an the horses 3 is correct. The growth of feudalism i.e. the lo cal landed elements and chiefs had weakened structure and the military organization Indian states
- #83Practice setWhich among the following can be considered as reasons for multiple invasions by Turks in India during medieval period? 1. Lack of a strong centralized nationwide power 2. Comparatively stronger Army of Turks 3. Geographical proximity of India to Turks 4. Rich wealth and resources of Indian subcontinentSelect the correct answer using the code given below
- A1 and 3 only
- B2 and 4 only
- C1 and 2 only
- D1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: (D) 1, 2, 3 and 4Explanation
Option dis the correct several reasons for India being subjected invasions by Turks in medieval 1 is correct: During the medieval period, India into several small and weak kingdoms The lack strong centralized power made it difficult for to mount a united defense against foreign it easier for the Turks to conquer various regions 2 is correct: The Indian armies were generally i I, of infantry and elephants, which were less effective compared to the fast-moving The Indian soldiers also lacked the equipment and training that the Turks had, difficult for them to withstand the Turkish 3 is correct: Indi a shares borders with the where the Turks originated, such as Central Persia. This geographical proximity made India target for invasions and 4 is correct: India was known for its which attracted invaders seeking to acquire fertile lands, abundant natural resources, and made India an attractive
- #84Practice setWith reference to 'Medieval Indian History', consider the following statements regarding 'Muqtis':l. They led military campaigns and maintained law order in their iqtas. 2. They were paid regular salary only in cash from the Sultan's treasury. 3. The office of Muqtis remained hereditary throughout the rule of Delhi Sultans.How many of the above given statements are correct?
- AOnly one
- BOnly two
- CAll three
- DNone
Answer: (A) Only oneExplanation
Option a is the correct 1 is correct: Like the earlier Sultans, the Tughluq monarchs appointed military commanders of territories of varying sizes These iqta and their holder was called iqtadar or muqti. of the muqtis was to lead military campaigns law and order in their 2 is incorrect: The muqtis collected the their assignments as salary. It was not paid by the their treasury. They also paid their soldiers from 3 is incorrect: Control over muqtis was if their office was not inheritable and if assigned iqtas for a short period of time shifted. These harsh conditions of service igorously imposed during the reigns of Alauddin Muhammad Tughluq. Accountants were appointed state to check the amount of revenue collected by s. Care was taken that the muqti collected only prescribed by the state and that he kept the of soldiers
- #85Practice setWith reference to Token used during the Delhi which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It was introduced during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq. 2. It couldn't be counterfeited as it was made of gold and silver. 3. It was used by people to pay all their taxes to the state.Select the correct answer using the code given below
- A1 and 2 only
- B2 and 3 only
- C1 and 3 only
- D1, 2 and 3 1
Answer: (C) 1 and 3 onlyExplanation
Option c is the correct 1 correct. Muhammad Tughluq used to pay salaries in cash. But instead of controlling prices, a "token" currency, somewhat like 2 is incorrect. The "token" currency was of cheap metals, not gold and silver. This could be counterfeited 3 is correct. People in the fourteenth century trust these coins. They were very smart: they saved and silver coins and paid all their taxes to the state token currency
- #86Practice setConsider the following statements regarding the Maratha Confederacy: 1. It was started by Peshwa Madhavrao I. 2. The regions under confederacy was to be ruled in the name of Peshwa. 3. The death of Madhavrao I in 1772 weakened the control of the Peshwas over the confederacy.How many of the statements given above are correct?
- AOnly one
- BOnly two
- CAll three
- DNone ruma
Answer: (A) Only oneExplanation
Option a is the correct answer. Statement 1 is incorrect: Bajirao I (1720-40) had confederacy of prominent Maratha chiefs to rapidly expanding Maratha power, and to some extent appease the kshatriya section of the Marathas as Peshwas were brahmins. Statement 2 is incorrect: Under the arrangement of the Maratha confederacy, each prominent family under the chief was assigned a sphere of influence which he was supposed to conquer and rule. It was to be ruled in the name of the Maratha king and not in the name of Peshwa. The Maratha families which emerged prominent were (i) the Gaekwad of Baroda, (ii) the Bhonsle of Nagpur, ( ) the Holkars of Indore, (iv) the Sindhias of Gwalior, and (v) the Peshwa of Poona. Statement 3 is correct: The confederacy, under Bajirao I to Madhavrao I worked cordially but the Third Battle of Panipat (1761) changed everything. The defeat at Panipat and later the of
- #87Practice setWhich of the following are the reasons fo r the defeat of Marathas in the third battle of Panipat? 1. The Marathas could not find allies in the northern India. 2. The Marathas used Guerilla method of warfare in the plains of Panipat, which proved to be disastrous. 3. Marathas fought a defensive war as they were depended too much on the artillery.Select the correct answer using the code given below
- A1 and 2 only
- B1 and 3 only
- C2 and 3 only
- D1, 2, and 3
Answer: (B) 1 and 3 onlyExplanation
Option bis the correct I is correct: The Marathas could not find the northern powers, as they had already the Nawab of Oudh, the Sikh and Jat chiefs, and distrust of the Rajputs. Whereas Abdali formed Najib-ud-Daulah of Rohilkhand and Shuja 2 is incorrect: The Marathas did not use method of warfare. The Terrain of the Panipat much different from the Hills and forts of they could not use their Guerrilla technique the conventional war method which proved to be 3 is correct: Marathas depended too much artillel'y under Ibrahim Gardi and therefore, defensive battle due to less mobility of heavy Abdali had better cavalry than the Marathas and benefitted by fast mobility of cavalry
- #88Practice setConsider the following statements regarding the Shivaji's system of administration: 1. He allowed women or dancing girls to accompany the army. 2. He abolished the hereditary position of mirasdars.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- A1 only
- B2 only
- CBoth 1 and 2
- DNeither 1 nor 2
Answer: (D) Neither 1 nor 2Explanation
Option d is the correct 1 is incorrect: Strict discipline was the army. No women or dancing girls being allowed the army. The plunder taken by each campaigns was strictly accounted 2 is incorrect: Shivaji did not abolish the position of mirasdars. Mirasdar was owner, especially of land. These sections the government only a small part of their collections consequence, the mirasdars grew and by building bastions, castles and strongholds villages, enlisting footmen and musketeers. This become unruly and seized the country.' Shivaji the mirasdars, Shivaji destroyed their forced them to submit
- #89Practice set"Marathas emerged a great power in India but they could not succeed in preventing the establishment of British power in Indi of the following reasons were responsible for it? 1. Marathas were not able to conquer any territories north of Deccan and Gujarat. 2. Lack of unity among Maratha chiefs. 3. Jagir system was removed which led to revenue loss. 48. 4. The adoption of modern techniques of warfare was inadequate.Select the correct using the code below
- A1, 2 and 3 only
- B1, 3 and 4 only
- C2 and 4 only
- D1 and 4 only
Answer: (C) 2 and 4 onlyExplanation
Option c is th e correct l is In the 17 the M.alwa, Gujarat, Bunddkhand and penetrated, as Attock in the north, Doab, Awadh, 2 is co Formation of confederacy of chiefs v,a; not the reasons for failure of hut the lack of unity among the chiefs. were in conflict with one another. The nominal the Marathas remained only up to the period of the Peshwa Madhrw Rao L After him, the Peshwa could his subordinate chiefs. The Sindhia, the Holkar, and the Gaekwad pursued self-interested many times, were pursued against the interests of resulting in fighting among 3 is incorrect: Shivaji had done away with system but the system was revived after his system itself was against the interests of the State the Jagirdars were all interested in their own thinking about the 4 is correct: Marathas also failed because and out-mode arms and ammunitions match for the more scientific and up-to-date arms of the Bri
- #90Practice setWhich of the following is/are the correct reasons for the defeat of Marathas in the Third Battle of 1. Lines of communication failed for Marathas and they did not get adequate supplies. 2. Defeat in the smaller battles before Panipat from Afghans. 3. Inability to unite Rajputs, Sikhs and Jats to fight for the cause.Choose the correct ans'.ver using the options given below
- A1 only
- B1 and 3 only
- C2 only
- D1, 2 and 3
Answer: (B) 1 and 3 onlyExplanation
Option bis the correct 1 is con-ect - Abdali crossed the river Yamuna cutting off the Maratha camp from their base This eventually turned into a two-month-long by Abdali against the Marathas in the town of Pan the siege both sides tried to cut off the At this the Afghans were considerably so that by the end of November 1760 they had almost all food supplies into the besieged Maratha had about 250,000 to 300,000, most of whom According to all the chronicles of the in the Maratha camp ran out by late December or and cattle died by the thousands Reports of of starvation began to be heard in early 2 is incorrect - The Marathas and Afghan fought at Kamal and Kunjpura where the garrison was killed or enslaved. Kunjpura held with over 10,000 Afghans but was just two nights after an intense attack using artillery in close coordination. Kunjpura fell on 18 was the last major success of the Marath
- #91Practice setArrange the following events in chronological order of their occurrence: 1. Nadir Shah's invasion 2. Battle of Buxar 3. Third Battle of Panipat 4. Death of Tipu SultanSelect the correct answer using the code given below
- A3-4-1-2
- B2-4-3-1
- C1-3-2-4
- D4-3-2-1
Answer: (C) 1-3-2-4Explanation
Option c is the correct answer. Event I: Nadir Shah's invasion (1739): Nadir Shah, the Persian ruler, invaded India and sacked Delhi, causing massive destruction and looting the Peacock Throne and Koh-i-Noor diamond. Event 3: Third Battle of Panipat (1761): This battle was fought between the Maratha Empire and the Afghan forces led by Ahmad Shah Durrani, resulting in a decisive victory for the Afghans Event 2: Battle of Buxar (1764): This battle was fought between the British ast India Company and the combined forces of the Mughal emperor, the of Bengal, and the Nawab of Awadh, leading to a significant victory for the British. Event 4: Death of Tipu Sultan (1799): Tipu Sultan, the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, was killed during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War when the British forces, led by Richard Wellesley, stormed his capital, Seringapatam
- #92Practice setWhich of the following is associated with the term
- AHistorical works written by Ahoms
- BForced labour practised in Ahom state
- CL and lords who were suppressed by A.horns
- DGroup of villages in the Ahom kingdom
Answer: (A) Historical works written by AhomsExplanation
Option a is the correct were the historical works written by They were first written in Ahom language and Assamese. Important Tips were the forced labour in Ahom state. Each village in the state has to send a number of Paiks by rotation. Bhuiyans were the landlords that were suppressed by Ahoms when they migrated to the Brahmaputra valley from present-day Myanmar in the 13 th century. Barhots were a group of villages prevalent among Gond. tribe, Each Barhot was made up of 12 villages
- #93Practice setWhich of the following statements is/are correct regarding Mansabdari system? 1. Zat means personal rank of the mansabdar. 2. Most Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs. 3. It is necessary for Mansabdar to actually reside in their jagirs.Select the correct answer using the code given below
- A1, 2 and 3
- B1 and 2 only
- C2 and 3 only
- D1 and 3 only
Answer: (B) 1 and 2 onlyExplanation
Option bis the correct l is correct. Personal Rank and salary by a numerical value called Zat. The higher the more prestigious was the noble's position in the larger his sa 2 is correct. Mansabdars r eceived their revenue assignments called jagirs which were Iqtas. Sometimes the mansabdars were paid in did not like the jagir system but could not do 3 is incorrect. Unlike Muqtis, most not actually reside in or theil' jagirs. had rights to the revenue of their ass ignments collected for them by their servants
- #94Practice setConsider the following pairs 1. Pattachitra Andhra Pradesh 2. Patua West Bengal 3. Kalighat Punjab 4. Kalamkari MaharashtraHow many pairs given above are correctly matched?
- AOnly one
- BOny two
- COnly three
- DAll four
Answer: (B) Ony twoExplanation
Option b is the correct 1 is incorrectly matched: Bommalattam is the Tamil Nadu, known as Bommalattam techniques of both rod and string puppets. puppets are the largest, heaviest and the of all traditional Indian 2 is correctly matched: Ravanachhaya is the shadow puppetry and is a popular form in the Odisha region. The puppets are deer skin and depict bold and dramatic postures. not have any joints attached to them, making it a 3 is incorrectly matched: Pavakoothu is the puppet played in Kerala. It came into existence 18th century due to the influence of Kathakali. The Glove puppet plays in Kerala is based on the either the Ramayana or the 4 is correctly matched: Putul Nautch is the puppet from West Bengal. They are carved from follow the variou s artistic styles of a particular heads, supported by the main rod, are joined at the both hands attached to rods are joined at the shoulders Im
- #95Practice setWith reference to Indian literature, consider the following statements: 1. Value of pi (rr) is given in the book Sulbasutra. 2. Charak Samhita deals with the use of medicinal plants and herbs. 3. Brihat Samhita mentions the relation of earthquake with undersea activities. 4. Yukti Kalpa Taru lays down various techniques used in ship building.How many of the statements given above are correct? I
- AOnly one
- BOnly two
- COnly three
- DAll four
Answer: (D) All fourExplanation
Option d is the correct answer Statement I is correct: The earliest book on mathematics was Sulbasutra written by Baudhayana in the 6th century B.C. It contains various significant mathematical formulae. It includes the value of pi (n) to a considerable degree of precision and a concept similar to Pythagoras Theorem. The sequences associated with primitive Pythagorean triples were named Baudhayana sequences. Statement 2 is correct: Charak Samhita mainly deals with use of medicinal plants and herbs. Hence, mainly dealing with Ayurved a. In Charak Samhita, extensive note on digestion, metabolism and immune system is written. His book has more emphasis on prevention rather than cure. mlr Statement 3 is correct: Brihat Samhita was written He has propounded the earth cloud related earthquake to the influence of plants, animals, underground water, undersea activities unusual cloud formation. H
- #96Practice setWhich of the following works were written by Mahakavi Kalidasa? 1. Abhigyanashakuntalam 2. Vikramorvasiyam 3. Kumarasambhavam 4. RitusamharaSelect the correct answer from the code given below
- A1, 2 and 3 only
- B2, 3 and 4 only
- C1, 3 and 4 only
- D1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: (D) 1, 2, 3 and 4Explanation
Option d is the correct who believed to be lived during 4th-5th was a Classical Sanskrit author who is often India's greatest poet and I.and 2 are correct: and Vikramorvasiyam were plays he had written. These three plays rose to that Kalidasa was recognised as one of the 3 is correct: Raghuvamsa and two of the epic poems written by 4 is correct: Ritusamhara and Meghaduta are Kalidasa's minor poems. In his representation of conflict between desire and duty, Kalidasa new benchmark
- #97Practice setConsider the following statements with i-eference to Sangam literature: 1. Akam and Puram were among the important themes of Sangam literature. 2. Tirukkural, a great work of Sangam literature, was written by Ilango Adigal. 3. Poets of the Sangam literature included both male and female.Which of the above-given statements is/are incorrect?
- A1 and 2 only
- B2 only (c) 3 only
- CAll three
- D1, 2 and 3 -1 133
Answer: (B) 2 only (c) 3 onlyExplanation
Option b is the correct literature is the main source of the history of India, and it was compiled from the 3rd century BC 3rd century 1 is correct: The poems belonging to the are generally based on two main themes - with emotions and sentiments in the context love, sexual connection, and sensuality and with exploits and heroic achievements in of battle and public 2 is incorrect: Thiruvalluvar, commonly Valluvar, was a celebrated Tamil poet and philosopher. best known as the author of the a couplets on ethics, political and economical matters, Silappadikaram (story of an anklet) was written 3 is correct: Poets of the Sangam both male and female. Women poets like and Kakkaipadiniyar flourished in and contribute to Tamil literature
- #98Practice setWith reference to the development of literature in India, consider the following statements: 1. Fakir Mohan Senapati was the first Indian novelist of social realism 2. Indian romanticism is devoid of any mysticism.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- A1 only s
- B2 only
- CBoth 1 and 2
- DNeither 1 nor 2
Answer: (A) 1 only sExplanation
Option a is the correct 1 is correct. Fakir Mohan Senapati was the first Indian novelist of social to the soil, compassion for the wretched, of expression are the qualities of the novels Statement 2 is incorrect. Indian romanticism is mysticism not like English romanticism, which break puritanic shackles, seeking joy in Hellenism. In romantic trend of the modern times follows the Indian poetry, romanticism indicates the philosophy of one Reality) oneness between man, more along the lines of Vedic symbolism and
- #99Practice setWhich of the following are known as the 'Twin Epics' of Tamil literature?
- AEttuthogai and Tirukkural
- BTolkkappiyam and Silappadikaram
- CManimekalai and Silappadikaram
- DTolkkappiyam and Tirukkural
Answer: (C) Manimekalai and SilappadikaramExplanation
Option c is the correct and are known as the of Tamil literature. They were written in the 6 A.D. They both provide valuable details about society and polity of the or the 'tale of an anklet' is the earliest epic. It depicts the love story of an ordinary and her husband Kovalan and love affair of courtesan Madhavi. It was written by is a sequel to the love story in It was written by Satthanar
- #100Practice setKirpan, Talwar and Kataar are associated with which of the following martial arts?
- AThoda
- BBandesh
- CGatka
- DMalla Khamb
Answer: (C) GatkaExplanation
Option c is the correct is a weapon based martial art form, performed by of Punjab. The name 'Gatka' refers to the one belongs to grace. Gatka features the skillful weapons, including stick, Kirpan, Talwar and attack and defence in this art form is determined by positions of hands and feet and the nature of used
- #101Practice setConsider the languages 1. Gujarati 2. Kannada 3. TeluguHow many of the above languages enjoy 'classical language' status in India?
- AOnly one
- BOnly two
- CAll three
- DNone
Answer: (B) Only twoExplanation
Option b is the correct six languages enjoy the 'Classical' language (declared in 2004), Sanskrit (2005), Kannada (2008), Malayalam (2013), and Odia (2014)
- #102Practice setWith reference to Aryabhatta, consider the following statements: 1. Aryabhatta was called as Asmakiya by Bhaskara I. 2. He was first to discover that the earth rotates on its axis. 3. He was the first astronomer to give a scientific explanation of eclipses. 4. He wrote Ganitasarasangraha, which deals with various mathematical problems.How many statements given above are correct?
- AOnly one
- BOnly two
- COnly'three
- DAll four
Answer: (C) Only'threeExplanation
Option c is the correct 1 is correct. Bhaskara I, wrote a commentary called the Aryabhatiya the called Aryabhatta as 2 is correct. He was first to discover that rotates on its axis and also worked out the for calculating the orbit of a planet and accurate estimate of the length of a year 3 is correct. He was the first astronomer a scientific explanation of eclipses as he they are not caused by some demons but by the coming between the earth and the sun. He also worked to ascertain which part of moon would be an eclipse Statement 4 is incorrect. Mahavira was a famous mathematician of Karnataka who lived in the the Rashtrakuta king Amoghvarsha, and wrote a the Ganitasarasangraha, which deals with problems Important Tips More about Aryabhatta
- #103Practice setWith referece to Science and Technology in ancient India,consider the following statements: 1. The first of extraction of zinc through distillation process was found from India. 2. The idea of atom was first propounded by Varahamihira. 60. 3. Parmanu was the smallest unit of time used during ancient India.How many of the above statements are correct?
- AOnly one
- BOnly two
- CAll three
- DNone
Answer: (A) Only oneExplanation
Option a is the correct 1 is correct. The first evidence of extraction was found from India.The extraction of zinc from late in history, mainly because of the fact that it evaporate when smelting in the open was was only when closed stills began to be used for that the same method could be adopted for Distillation process was used from the 12th thus, India is the first to produce zinc by and Zawar, situated in the Aravalli Hills about south of Udaipur, Rajasthan, is the only known smelting site in 2 is incorrect. The earliest known the atomic nature of matter dates back to the times philosophers, Lencippus and his pupil 500 B.C., Kanad, an Indian saint founder of the philosophy (Darshan) called Vaisheshik that doctrine of anu (atoms) as part of its metaphysics. also called Varaha was an Indian and mathematician. He is author of the Pancha siddhantika ("Five Treatise a compendium of Roman
- #104Practice setWhich of the following statements are correct about the 'Bharat Ratna' award? 1. The recommendations for Bharat Ratna awards are made by the Prime Minister to the President. 2. It can be awarded only up to three people in a year. 3. Both Indian citizens and non-Indians are eligible for these awards. 4. The award cannot be used as a prefix or suffix of the receiver's name. I''Select the correct answer using the code given below
- A1 and 4 only
- B1, 2 and 3 only
- C1, 3 and 4 only
- D1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: (D) 1, 2, 3 and 4Explanation
Option d is the correct Ratna' is the highest civilian Award of the was instituted in the year l is correct. The recommendations for are made by the Prime Minister himself to 2 is correct. The number of Bharat Ratna is restricted to a maximum of three in a The Award does not carry any monetary 3 is correct. The Bharat Ratna can be awarded Indian citizens and non-Indians fo r their of the highest order in any field endeavour as there is no written rule against Mother Teresa, a naturalised Indian citizen with the award in 1980. Non-Indians Khan Khan and Nelson Mandela have also been the Bharat 4 is correct. As per Article of the awardees of Bharat Ratna cannot use as a prefix or suffix to their name. However, they 'Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President' or Bharat Ratna Award' in their biodata, visiting card, etc. Importan t Tips Physical Features of Award: - The physical award is designed
- #105Practice setWith to the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (or AMASR Act) of 1958, consider the following statements: 1. The AMASR Act only provides for denotification of a monument if it ceases to be of national importance. 2. The AMASR Act created a "prohibited area" 100 metres around every national monument where no construction is permitted.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- A1 only (6) 2 only
- B2 only
- CBoth 1 and 2
- DNeither 1 nor 2 93
Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2Explanation
Option c is the correct Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Remains Act (or AMASR Act), 1958 is an act of of India that provides for the preservation and historical monuments. It was passed in Archaeological Survey of India functions under of this 1 is correct: The AMASR Act only denotification of a monument if it ceases to be importance. Recently, the ASI had admitted to Committee about 24 missing loss of another 26 to factors like urbanisation in 2 is correct: The AMASR Act was in 2010 to strengthen several of its main features of the amendments were the a "prohibited area" 100 metres around every where no construction, public or private "regulated area" 200 metres beyond the where any construction requires permission of a National Monuments Authority