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Ecology & Biodiversity — UPSC Prelims Science & Environment previous year questions — page 2

137 solved previous year questions on Ecology & Biodiversity, papers from 1992 to 2022, drawn from State PCS, UPPCS, UPSC CSE Prelims. Each carries the printed answer key and the explanation from the source compilation.

1. #41State PCS 2013
   Which one of the following eco-regions of India is not correctly matched?
   • ASouth-Western Ghats - Moist forests
   • BTarai Duar - Broadleaf forests
   • CRann of Kachchh - Grasslands
   • DEastern Deccan Plateau - Moist forests
   Answer: (B) Tarai Duar - Broadleaf forests
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct Tarai Duar region is not primarily characterized forests. Instead, it consists of a mosaic of grasslands, savannas, evergreen and depending on soil quality and the amount of area receives. The grasslands in the Terai region are particularly notable, featuring some of the in the world, such as baruwa and kans grass. trees in this region include sal (Shorea other species, which do not fall under the category forests." Important Tips The Southwestern Ghats moist deciduous forests is an ecoregion in the Western Ghats of southern India with tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. This biome covers the Nilgiri Hills between elevation of 250 and 1,000 m (820 and 3,280 ft) in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu states. The Rann of Kutch is a unique flooded grasslands zone in the Indomalayan realm, surrounded by desert and sea. This distinctive ecosystem supports di

2. #42State PCS 2009
   Which of the following sanctuaries is not correctly matched with the specified protected species?
   • AJim Corbett - Tiger
   • BGhana - Lion
   • CKaziranga - Rhinoceros
   • DPeriyar - Elephants
   Answer: (B) Ghana - Lion
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct is not a sanctuary for lions, but for birds. the local name for Keoladeo National Park, a sanctuary in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India. It of birds, especially during the winter season, over 350 species of birds. It is also a UNESCO Site

3. #43State PCS 2006
   Consider the following statements: Assertion (A): Coastal Odisha is most cyclone-prone area of India. Reason There is a large amount of deforestation of Mangroves in Mahanadi delta area. Choose the correct answer in the given codes
   • ABoth (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
   • BBoth (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
   • C(A) is false, but (R) is true
   • D(A) is true, but (R) is false
   Answer: (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct (A) is true: Coastal Odisha is highly cyclone prone, experiencing nearly annual cyclones and 100 cyclones since This vulnerability is its geographic location, resulting in 23 deadly and 73 minor ones in the same (R) is true: The Mahanadi delta area has mangrove deforestation, primarily due to such as agriculture, urbanization, and deforestation has adverse environmental mangroves serve as natural barriers against provide habitat for various species, and help the impact of cyclones and storm surges, making the vulnerable to such natural is not the correct explanation of (A): Coastal one of the most cyclone-prone areas in India its geographical location along the Bay of of mangroves contributes to but it is not the primary reason for the nature

4. #44State PCS 2004
   Biosphere reserves are areas for conservation of
   • AGrasslands
   • BAgriculture production
   • CAtmospheric balance
   • DGenetic Variation
   Answer: (D) Genetic Variation
   Explanation

   Option d is the correct reserves are important for the conservation variation because they serve as protected at preserving both plant and animal species revitalizing the traditional lifestyles communities residing in the vicinity. These a crucial role in conserving the area's biodiversity been designated through the Man and Program, an initiative launched by UNESCO with the overarching goal of promoting Important Tips Biosphere reserves are divided into three zones: Core zone: This zone is protected from human activities and is used for scientific research and monitoring. Buffer zone: This zone surrounds the core zone and is used for sustainable development activities. Transition zone: This zone is the outermost zone and is where human activities are allowed. Biodiversity 8 rourism,A Human settlement Monitoring

5. #45CGPSC 2019
   The rapid rate of decline in the vulture population in India is mainly due to
   • AOveruse of Diclofenac drug
   • BLow death rate of animals
   • CHigh death rate of animals
   • DCleanliness
   Answer: (A) Overuse of Diclofenac drug
   Explanation

   Option a is the correct rapid rate of decline in the vulture population in mainly due to overuse of Dklofenac drug. Diclofenac nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that used to treat livestock for pain and vultures eat the carcasses of livestock that have with diclofenac, they ingest the drug and Diclofenac causes kidney failure in vultures, and also lead to other health problems, such as gout Between 1992 and 2007, India witnessed decline in its three-vulture species, staggering reduction ranging from 97 to 99.9 attributed to their consumption of diclofenac contaminated cattle carcasses

6. #46CGPSC 2019
   'Gomarda' Wildlife Sanctuary is situated?
   • ADhamtari district
   • BRaipur district
   • CRaigarh district
   • DSarguja district
   Answer: (C) Raigarh district
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife reserve that near Sarangarh in Raigarh district of was inaugurated in 1975 and covers an area sq home to various species of wild animals, especially antelopes

7. #47CGPSC 2018
   which of the following States Sundarbans mangrove is located?
   • AGujarat
   • BWest Bengal
   • COdisha
   • DAndhra Pradesh
   Answer: (B) West Bengal
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct Sundarbans mangrove forest covers an area of of which forests in Bangladesh's Khulna over 6,517 and in West Bengal, they 3,483 across the South 24 Parganas and Parganas districts. The Sundarbans is a UNESCO Site that includes four protected areas: Sundarbans South, Sundarbans East in Sundarbans National Park in India. The home to a rich biodiversity of mangrove flora and the Royal Bengal Tiger, Ganges and estuarine crocodiles and the critically river terrapin

8. #48CGPSC 2011
   The richest biodiversity is found in the
   • ASilent Valley
   • BKashmir Valley
   • CValley of Flowers
   • DSurma Valley
   Answer: (A) Silent Valley
   Explanation

   Option a is the correct Valley, situated in the southern Western Ghats, as one of the world's top ten "Hottest Spots" and is celebrated as the last untouched stretch rainforest in India. Located approximately Palakkad, Kerala, this forest was designated as a on November 14, 1984, and plays a pivotal role in Biosphere Reserve. It stands out for its hosting over 960 plant species, including the International Union for the Conservation of Red List, and a rich array of fauna, with the lion tailed macaque as its flagship species. This fostered by the geographical isolation provided by steep ridges, hills, and escarpments, forests from human interference

9. #49CGPSC 2011
   Mangrove (Tidal Forests) vegetation in India is mostly found in
   • AMalabar coast
   • BSundarbans
   • CRann of Kachchh
   • DDandakaranya
   Answer: (B) Sundarbans
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct vegetation in India is primarily found in which is a vast mangrove forest delta the southern part of West Bengal and the eastern Bangladesh. This region is renowned for its characterized by tidal waterways, mangrove forests. The Sundarbans is home to including the Royal Bengal tiger, making it a area. ru,d J Nicobar llllands Important Tips Top 5 States/UT in Mangrove Cover in India: West Bengal sq km), Gujarat (1140 sq km), Islands (617 sq km), Andhra Pradesh (404 sq km) Maharashtra (304 sq km)

10. #50JPSC 2016
    Mahuadanr Sanctuary is located in which district of Jharkhand?
    • APalamu
    • BKoderma
    • CChatra
    • DLatehar
    Answer: (D) Latehar
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct Wolf Sanctuary is located in the village that lies in Chechari Valley in the district in Jharkhand. It is the only wolf sanctuary in and part of Betla National Park. It was be a wildlife sanctuary in 1976 for the protection of wolf

11. #51BPSC 2022
    Recently China has claimed rights over territories around the 'Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary' claiming it as a 'disputed region'. This Wildlife Sanctuary is located in
    • AArunachal Pradesh
    • BBhutan
    • CNepal
    • DBangladesh (e) None of the above/More than one of the above
    Answer: (B) Bhutan
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary located in Merak and Sakteng Gewogs of and just crossing the border into Samdrup It Is one of the country's protected areas and is a tentative site in Bhutan's Tentative List for China has recently claimed rights over the sanctuary, calling it a 'disputed region', has rejected this Solution: Option c is the correct 2021, 150 vultures were seen in the Valmiki Tiger Bihar, which has prompted a vulture in the protected region of VTR. The forest sent a proposal to the Bihar government to set up conservation centre in the VTR on the pattern Corbett National Parle The aim is to save flying scavengers from extinction in the region. Important Tips Vultures are among 22 species of large carrion-eating birds living predominantly in tropics and subtropics. They act as nature's garbage collectors and help in keeping the environment c

12. #52State PCS 2015
    Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary is situated in
    • AChandigarh
    • BBharatpur
    • CGurgaon
    • DGandhi Nagar
    Answer: (C) Gurgaon
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct Bird Sanctuary is situated in Gurgaon, It is a very popular national park and a bird that attracts many migratory bird species every year

13. #53Previous year
    'Govind National Park' in dudes: [Uttarakhand PCS (Pre) 2021)
    • ASource region of Bhagirathi River
    • BSource region of Bhilangna River
    • CSource region of Yamuna River
    • DSource region of Tons River
    Answer: (D) Source region of Tons River
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct National Park' includes the source region of Govind National Park is situated in the upper which is the main tributary of the Yamuna River. lies in the higher reaches of the Garhwal has varied climatic zones and diverse flora and park is also home to the Snow Leopard Project and vulture, a vital ecological catalyst. The park is Govind Ballabh Pant, a prominent Indian and politician who became Home Minister in park is a popular destination for trekking, especially Har Ki Doon valley and the Ruinsiyara high altitude lake

14. #54UKPSC 2021
    The logo of International WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) is
    • AAsiatic Lion
    • BGiant Panda
    • CMusk Deer
    • DIndian Wild Ass
    Answer: (B) Giant Panda
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct logo of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) giant panda. WWF's giant panda logo originated panda named Chi Chi that had been transferred Zoo to London Zoo in 1958, three years was established. The giant panda was chosen as logo because it is a symbol of endangered the need to protect them. The panda is also a animal, which makes it an effective the Important Tips Red Pandas: Red Pandas are one of only two panda species in the world, alongside Giant Pandas. They serve as the state animal of Sikkim. Red Pandas are solitary, shy, and tree-dwelling creatures, often indicating ecological changes. India is home to two subspecies: the Himalayan red panda (Ailurus fulgens) and the Chinese red panda (Ailurus styani), separated by the Siang River in Arunachal Pradesh. They inhabit forests in India, Nepal, Bhutan, northern Myanmar, and southern China. Red Panda populations

15. #55UKPSC 2016
    In Uttarakhand, Oak-Rhododendron are characteristic plants of
    • ASub-tropical forest
    • BSub-alpine forest
    • CTemperate forest
    • DAll of the above P [ ].1
    Answer: (C) Temperate forest
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct Uttarakhand, Oak-Rhododendron are of temperate forests. These forests are known Wet Temperate Forests and are primarily found northern and southern regions of India. In the of India, they occur at elevations between 1800 to and receive a minimum annual rainfall of 200 forests are home to various tree species, Pine, Deodar, Raga, and Himalayan Yew, unique and ecologically significant

16. #56UKPSC 2016
    Which association shows correct sequence of sanctuaries from west to east location in Uttarakhand?
    • AKedarnath - Askot - Nanda Devi - Binsar
    • BKedarnath - Nanda Devi - Askot - Binsar
    • CKedarnath - Nanda Devi - Binsar - Askot
    • DNanda Devi - Kedarnath - Binsar - Askot
    Answer: (C) Kedarnath - Nanda Devi - Binsar - Askot
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct correct answer is Kedarnath - Nanda Devi - Binsar This is the sequence of sanctuaries from west to in Uttarakhand. Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary in the western part of Uttarakhand, near the border B I Himachal Pradesh. Nanda Devi National Park is the central part of Uttarakhand, in the Chamoli Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the eastern part in the Almora district. Askot Musk is located in the easternmost part of the border with Nepal. Important Tips Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Rudraprayag and Chamoli districts of Uttarakhand. Established in sanctuary lies in the upper catchment of the Alaknanda and Mandakini Rivers. It is home to the endangered Himalayan musk deer and to the sub-alpine forest and extensive alpine meadows Nanda Devi National Park is located in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. Established in Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988. F

17. #57UKPSC 2005
    'Salim Ali National Park' is located in
    • AMaharashtra
    • BJammu and Kashmir
    • CMadhya Pradesh
    • DAndhra Pradesh
    Answer: (B) Jammu and Kashmir
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct Ali National Park or City Forest National Park national park located in Srinagar, Jammu and It was named after the Indian ornithologist Salim park was converted into a golf course in 1998 by the Minister of Jammu Kashmir

18. #58State PCS 2020
    Phawngpui National Park in Mizoiam is also known as which of the following? (a) Black Mountain Park
    • AMukambika Karnataka
    • BBlue Mountain Park
    • CYellow Mountain Park
    • DMizo Hills Park l '.73
    Answer: (B) Blue Mountain Park
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct National Park is also known as Mountain National Park because it bears the name mountain Phawngpui, often called the Blue Mountain which is the highest mountain peak in the 2,157 m. The mountain area of Phawngpui is times covered by a thin stretch of clouds, which blue in appearance from a distance

19. #59State PCS 1996
    Cyclones are more frequent in the coastal because
    • AHigh temperatures in the Bay of Bengal
    • BWater in the Bay of Bengal has chemicals which help in the formation of cyclones
    • CLong chain of the isl and of Andaman and Nicobar acts as launching pad for cyclones
    • DThe conical shape of Bay of Bengal funnels cyclones North wards when they are formed in the sea
    Answer: (B) Water in the Bay of Bengal has chemicals which help in the formation of cyclones
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct answer. The correct match of Indian wildlife species (List-I) with their scientific names (List-II) is as follows: A. Asiatic Wild Ass - Equus hemionus B. Barasingha - Cervus duvauceli C. Chinkara - Gazella Benetty D. Nilgai - Boselaphus tragocamelus Important Tips The Indian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus khur) is a subspecies of the Asian Wild Ass with distinct white markings on its rump and shoulder and a back stripe bordered by white. It is found exclusively in the Rann of Kachchh, Gujarat, inhabiting desert and grassland ecosystems. The conservation status includes IUCN's Near Threatened, CITES Appendix II, and Wildlife Protection Act (1972) Schedule-I. The Barasingha, or swamp deer, is a unique deer species in the Indian subcontinent, characterized by antlers with more than three times. It's the state animal of Madhya Pradesh and is found only in Kanha Tiger Reser

20. #60Previous year
    Consider the following pairs:[UPSC CSE Pre. 2013) f 1. Corbett National Ganga Park 2. Kaziranga National Manas Park 3. Silent Valley Kaveri National ParkWhich of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
    • A1 and 2 only
    • B3 only
    • C1 and 3 only
    • DNone
    Answer: (D) None
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct Park River flowing through the Park Corbett National Park Ramganga Kaziranga National Park Dhiplu Silent Valley National Park Kunthipuzha

21. #61UPSC CSE Prelims 2011
    Which one of the following is not a site for in-situ method of conservation of flora?
    • ABiosphere Reserve
    • BBotanical Garden
    • CNational Park
    • DWildlife Sanctuary
    Answer: (B) Botanical Garden
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct l is incorrect: According to the India State Report 2021, the forest cover in India of its geographical area. Out of the cover, dense forest constitutes around 2 is correct: The National Forestry (NFAP) in India aimed to increase the tree cover to one-third of the country's total to promote sustainable forest management conservation. Important in Forest Cover includes lands with trees covering one hectare and a tree canopy density This category accounts for approximately total geographical Dense Forest: Comprises lands with a tree of or more. Very dense forests of India's total land Dense Forest: Encompasses lands with a density of or more but less than make up approximately of India's land Forest: Includes lands with a tree canopy density or more but less than Open forests account of India's geographical Forest: Encompasses lands with a canopy less than This cate

22. #62Practice set
    Consider the following statements with reference to the prebiotics: 1. They are a source of food for gut bacteria. 2. They are a type of live microorganism. 3. They are mostly non-digestible in nature.How many of the statements given above are correct? shared by many species and also by their respective ancestors. into a number of different species. supposedly more primitive forms over time
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone mmlll the context of evolution
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct radiation or Divergent evolution involves a common ancestor (which means closely These species change to become over time. An adaptive radiation occurs when or small group of ancestral species rapidly a large number of descendant species. It when a change in the environment makes available, alters biotic interactions or opens niches. Important Tips Both convergent evolution and parallel evolution are marked by the development of similar traits between the unrelated species. However, the difference between parallel and convergent lies in the degree of similarity between new species and their ancestors. Two species sharing the same traits are considered as parallel evolution if their ancestors shared that similarity; if they did not, then the evolution is defined as convergent evolution. Backward evolution is the notion that species can revert to supposedly more pri

23. #63Practice set
    In the context of bio-pestiddes, consider the following statements? 1. Fungal species cannot be used in the production of bio-pesticides. 2. Compared to conventional pesticides, bio-pesticides usually have lesser impact on non-target species.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBothl and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (B) 2 only
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct answer; Statement 1 is incorrect. Recently, the institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology (IPFT) under the Department of Chelriicals an cl Petrochemicals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers has successfully developed a new Bio-Pesticide Formulation for insect control in seed spice crops. This bio pesticide is based on entomo-pathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii. fungal species can be used to produce bio pesticides. Statement 2 is correct. Bio pesticides are inherently less toxic to humans and the environment, do not leave harmful residues, and are usually more specific to target pests. Often, they affect only the target pest and closely related organisms, substantially reducing the impact on non-target species. A further advantage, of most microbial pesticides is that they replicate in their target hosts and persist in the environment due to horizontal an

24. #64Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding Niche: 1. The ecological niche. describes how a species interacts within an ecosystem. 2; The niche of a spedes depends on both biotic and abiotic factors. 3. It is possible for more than one species to share a particular niche in one ecosystem.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct I is correct: An ecological niche is the an organism plays within its habitat. The describes how a species interacts within 2 is correct: The niche of a species depends biotic and abiotic factors, which affect the ability species to survive and endure. Biotic factors affecting species' niche include food availability factors affecting niche include temperature, landscape nutrients, light and othe.r.non- (actors. 3 is incorrect: No two species can have the exact same niche, otherwise they w.ould be in direct competition for resources with one another. If this occurs, then one will outcompete. the other. If the losing species do not adapt, it would lead to its extinction

25. #65Practice set
    An ecosystem is the basic unit of the field of the scientific study of nature. The ecosystem is made up of two inseparable components which are biotope and biocenosis. In this context, consider the following statements: 1. Biocenosis represents the non-living components of an ecosystem with specific physical characteristics. 2. Biotope represents the living components of an ecosystem where living organisms are in constant interaction.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (D) Neither 1 nor 2
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct is a biological system (biogeocenosis), a community of living organisms (biocenosis), (biotope), interacting as a system, with its and energy 1 is incorrect: Biotope (not the non-living components of an soil, water, air, and all the physio-chemical on in an ecosystem comes under the term 2 is incorrect: The biocenosis (not Biotope) set of living organisms such as animals, plants or microorganisms, that are in constant interaction and are, a situation of interdependence

26. #66Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding Antibiosis, a type of biotic interaction: 1. It is a form of commensalism where one species benefited due to chemical secretion by another species which remains unaffected. 2. Relationship between alfalfa grass and Azotobacter is an example of antibiosis.Which of the above given statements is/are incorrect?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is incorrect- Antibiosis is a type of where one species gets harmed/killed and is unhurt. The species unhurt kills the other a chemical secretion. Conceptually, in species is benefited and other is 2 is incorrect- Relationship between nitrogen fixing bacteria (like Azotobacter, Bacillus, Clostridium, and leguminous plants such as clover, soybeans is an example of symbiotic type of These bacteria live in the roots of the plants atmospheric nitrogen into a form that the plants such as nitrates. The plants provide the bacteria with to live and access to carbohydrates produced Important Tips Antibiosis is a mode of species interaction between two or more organism where at least one organism is can also be an antagonistic association between an organism, or a metabolic substance produced by the other

27. #67Practice set
    Which of the following statements correctly explains the meaning of the 'Carrying Capacity' of an ecosystem?
    • AIt refers to the number of resources each individual within the community is consuming
    • BIt is the maximum population size that an ecosystem can support without degrading itself
    • CIt refers to the total size of renewable resources available in the ecosystem
    • DIt is the sum of all the physical and chemical factors that a species needs to survive in an ecosystem
    Answer: (B) It is the maximum population size that an ecosystem can support without degrading itself
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct answer. In ecological terms, the carrying capacity of an ecosystem size of the population that can be supported the available resources and services of that other words, it is defined as the maximum population an ecosystem can sustainably support without Important Tips The limit of an ecosystem depends on three factors: the amount of resources available in the ecosystem; the size of the population or community; and the amount of resources each individual within the community is consuming

28. #68Practice set
    With reference to the phenomenon of Ecological Succession, consider the following statements: 1. It is applicable only to terrestrial ecosystems. 2. It is generally considered to be unidirectional in nature. 3. It involves both biotic and abiotic factors of an ecosystem. 4. The final stage of this process is termed as Sere.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • COnly three
    • DAll four
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct process by which communities of plant and in an area are replaced or changed into a period of time is known as ecological 1 is incorrect: It is applicable to both well as aquatic ecosystems. Hence this statement that occurs on land where moisture content for e.g., on bare rock is known as Xerarch. takes place in a water body, like ponds or lake is 2 is correct: This process is in nature. It starts with a bare lacking biotic components like flora and fauna. known as Primary Succession. The community in is replaced by another set of flora fauna. It is by natural or artificial cataclysmic events such or submergence/ flood or drying up of the water this, when the process of Primary Succession then this is another instance of ecological there is no back and forth between the This process is unidirectional. Hence this 3 is correct: The Ecological Succession the various

29. #69Practice set
    Read the following paragraph carefully and answer the question that follows: "When Arizona's Grand Canyon was formed, it acted as a huge physical barrier and resulted in the separation of the species of squirrels into two distinct groups. The barrier made it impossible for the species to breed with one another. Now, each species, equally dominant, develops differently based on the demand of their unique habitat:' Which of the following type of speciation most appropriately describes the above paragraph?
    • AAllopatric Speciation
    • BPeripatric Speciation
    • CParapatric Speciation
    • DArtificial Speciation
    Answer: (A) Allopatric Speciation
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct is how a new kind of plant or animal species Speciation occurs when a group within a from other members of its species and develops unique speciation occurs when a species two separate groups due to which they get one another. A physical barrier, such as a or a waterway, makes it impossible for them to one another. So, the given case, formation of created a physical barrier for squirrels and mammals to interbreed. Today, two separate inhabit the north and south rims of the Important Tips When a small group of individuals break off from the. larger group and form a new species, due to physical barriers, it is called as peripatric speciation. In this type also, interbreeding is not possible. The main difference between allopatric speciation and peripatric speciation is that in peripatric speciation, one group is much smaller than the other

30. #70Practice set
    With reference to the concept of Niche, consider the following: 1. It refers to the functional role of a spec in an ecosystem. 2. Generally, the Species that have narrow or limited niches are considered to be specialist species.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct: Niche refers to the unique a species plays in a particular ecosystem. It refers to of that species and its role in sustaining an this statement is 2 is correct: In general, species that have limited niches are considered to be specialist (Phascolarctos cinereus), which feed only on eucalyptus trees in Australia, are an example of species. Species with broader niches, like latrans) or raccoons (Procyon lotor), are

31. #71Practice set
    In ecological studies, which of the following is an example of Amensalism, a biological interaction?
    • AA large tree having shade upon a small plant
    • BTwo species competing to eat the same food
    • CParasites getting nourishment from the host
    • DBeetles living upon the cow dung
    Answer: (A) A large tree having shade upon a small plant
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct refers to a form of biological which one species is harmed, whereas the other a is correct. A large tree shades a small the growth of the small plant, but on opposite small plant has no effect on the large tree. This is of amensalism

32. #72Practice set
    Consider the following types of biotic interaction and its examples. 1. Commensalism A. Biological method of pest control 2. Predation B. Introduction of goats in Galapagos islands consisting of tortoise 3. Competition C. Association between the cattle egret and grazing cattleSelect the correct answer using the code given below: Swordfish -Tuna Consider the following conditions
    • A1-C, 2-B, 3-A
    • B1-C, 2-A, 3-B
    • C1-A, 2-C, 3-B
    • D1-B, 2-A, 3-C
    Answer: (B) 1-C, 2-A, 3-B
    Explanation

    Option bis the correct One species benefits and the other The egrets always forage close to where are grazing. Cattle egrets eat the flies and bugs to bother the cattle. The movement of livestock various insects on which cattle egrets feed on. this is called commensalism in which the egrets this has no effect on One species benefits and the other is control methods adopted in agricultural are based on the ability of the predator to competition is defined as a process the fitness of one species is significantly lower presence of another species. The Abingdon Galapagos Islands became extinct within a decade were introduced on the island, apparently due to browsing efficiency of the goats

33. #73Practice set
    Consider the following statements: 1. Dominant species modify the growth of other species in a community. 2. Community with no single dominant species is characterized by low species diversity. 3. Organisms in a community develop vertical stratification to avoid conflict with other species.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct 1 is correct: In each community, a few species (dominant species) are present in By their greater number or biomass (living dominant species modify the habitat characteristic the growth of other species in the community. communities only a single species, being is dominant. In such case, the community after the dominant species. Example: spruce In some communities, however, there may than one dominant species, as in oak-fir forest in 2 is incorrect: Species diversity and interrelated. Communities with one or a few are characterised by low species diversity where no single species is truly individuals are equally distributed among all species, by high species 3 is correct: Different organisms in a community develop a characteristic pattern of stratification competition and conflict among the the community. Stratification is a practical strategy interspecific compet

34. #74Practice set
    Consider the following pairs: 1. Environment Area composed of biotic and abiotic components where organisms live. Practit: 2. Biome Narrow zone on the surface of the earth where soil, water, and air combine to sustain life. 3. Ecosystem A system formed by the interaction of abiotic and biotic components of the environment.How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? that is fixed by the autotrophs and their own respiration losses. area over a time period by plants during photosynthesis. autotrophs during photosynthesis. matter by consumers. Consider the following statements
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct is derived from a French word - meaning 1 is correct. Environment refers to the area live. Environment is the natural which biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) among themselves and with each other. shape the habitat and ecosystem of an 2 is incorrect. The biosphere (not biome) is a on the surface of the earth where soil, water, and to sustain life. The biosphere includes all the earth where life is found and includes all of the biome is a collection of different ecosystems that climate is correct. Ecosystem is a system formed by of all living organisms (biotic component) other and with the physical and chemical component) of the environment in which they linked by transfer of energy and components are inorganic materials air, water whereas biotic components are producers, decomposers

35. #75Practice set
    Which among the following is a reason for ecotone to have a greater diversity of species than the neighbouring ecosystems?
    • ALack of well-defined boundaries for the species
    • BHigher availability of physical space
    • CLack of dominant species in the ecosystem
    • DLack of predator species in the ecotone
    Answer: (A) Lack of well-defined boundaries for the species
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct are areas of steep transition between ecosystems, and/or ecological an environmental or other gradients. ecotones include marshlands (between dry and mangrove forests (between terrestrial ecosystems), grasslands (between desert and estuaries (between saltwater and freshwater). often are separated, from adjacent a transition zone or a diffused boundary zone As there is a lack of well-defined of adjacent ecosystems intermingle in zone; consequently, they may have a greater species than the neighbouring ecosystems

36. #76Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding "Ecological Pyramids": 1. The Pyramid of Numbers is inverted. 2. In Aquatic ecosystems, the Pyramid of Biomass can be inverted.Which of the statements given above is/are incorrect?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (A) 1 only
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct 1 is incorrect. The Pyramid of Numbers the total number of individuals of different to each trophic level in an ecosystem. the number of species, the pyramid of numbers may or inverted. E.g., in grassland ecosystem number of individuals is decreased from lower higher trophic level (upright pyramid). A pyramid does not take into account the fact that the size being counted in each trophic level can 2 is correct. Pyramid of biomass is by collecting all organisms occupying level separately and measuring their dry weight. overcomes the size difference problem because of organisms at a trophic level are weighed. In ecosystems, the pyramid of biomass can assume form

37. #77Practice set
    Mangrove vegetation are found in which of the following places in India? 1. Sundarbans 2. Kullu valley 3. Vikhroli Wetlands 4. Gulf of Mannar 5. Gulf of KutchSelect the correct answer from the codes given below
    • A1, 2, and 4 only
    • B1, 4 and 5 only
    • C1, 3, 4 and 5 only
    • D1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
    Answer: (C) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct answer. In India Mangroves can be found in the deltas of the Ganga, the Mahanadi, the Krishna, the Godavari and the Kaveri and other river deltas. Option 1 is correct: The Sundarbans mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers on the Bay of Bengal. It is adjacent to the border of India's Sundarbans World Heritage site inscribed in 1987. 2 is incorrect: The Kullu valley is a hilly region vegetation found here is of pine and deodar forests! southern parts Kullu have profusion of and broad shiny leaved trees, Hence, Mangroves found here. 3 is correct: wetland is in It is one of the largest forests in. the 4 is correct: The Gulf of Mannar endowed distinct Coastal ecosystems namely coral bed and mangroves. Most of the islands in of Mannar have luxuriant growth of mangroves on

38. #78Practice set
    Consider the following pairs regarding the features of mangroves and their corresponding description: 1. Pneumatophores These are small openings on the leaves that help in respiration. 2. Succulent leaves They help in excreting excess salts. 3. Vivi parity It is a reproductive adaptation in mangrove trees.How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct 1 is incorrect: Pneumatophores are the roots (also air roots, blind roots), that help mangroves to respire soils. These roots have numerous pores oxygen enters, unless they are clogged or too 2 is correct: Mangroves have salt exclusion and adaptations: Salt exclusion: This occurs through filtration of salts at the surface of the roots. Red-mangrove is an example of salt excluding species. Salt excretion: Salt excreters remove salts through glands located on the leaves. Mangroves ( especially, white mangroves) develop thickened succulent leaves. These thick and waxy leaves are known for hoarding freshwater and excreting salts in the mangrove 3 is correct: Mangroves have two viviparity and propagule dispersal. trees, once pollination occurs, the seeds to the parent tree. They germinate into into the waters below. This is known mode of reproduction. The propagules ei

39. #79Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding the mangrove forests: 1. India ranks among the top three countries worldwide in terms of area under mangroves. 2. Sunderban is the world's single largest patch of mangroves. 3. Bhitarkanika mangrove area is formed at the confluence of Krishna and Godavari rivers. 4. The Pichavaram mangrove forests is located in Andhra Pradesh.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • COnly three
    • DAll four
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct 1 is incorrect: The top three countries with cover are- Indonesia (19 Brazil (7 These three countries constitute of global area under mangrove. India does not rank three in terms of overall mangrove 2 is correct: Sunderban is the world's patch of mangroves. It is also the only where Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) 3 is incorrect: Bhitarkanika mangroves site is largest mangrove patch in India. It is located at of Brahmani and Baitarni rivers, and not at of Krishna and Godavari 4 is incorrect: Pichavaram mangrove forest between two prominent estuaries, the Vellar the north and Coleroon estuary in the south. It is the state of Tamil Nadu

40. #80Practice set
    With reference to cold-water corals, consider the following statements: There are more cold-water coral reefs than tropical reefs in the oceans..Cold-water corals requires zooxanthellae to survive. 3, Lophelia reefs are host species of fish and invertebrates. How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option bis the correct 1 is correct: According to the United Programme, there are more cold-water worldwide than tropical reefs. The largest reef is the Rost Reef off 2 is incorrect: Like tropical corals, the deep also provide habitat to other species, but do not require zooxanthellae to 3 is correct: Deep-sea corals together with organisms host a rich fauna of Lophelia reefs can host up to 1,300 species of invertebrates. Various fish aggregate on deep sea sea corals, sponges and other habitat-forming protection from currents and predators, young fish, and feeding, breeding and spawning areas fish and shellfish species

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