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Ecology & Biodiversity — UPSC Prelims Science & Environment previous year questions

137 solved previous year questions on Ecology & Biodiversity, papers from 1992 to 2022, drawn from State PCS, UPPCS, UPSC CSE Prelims. Each carries the printed answer key and the explanation from the source compilation.

1. #1UPSC CSE Prelims 2022
   Certain species of which one of the following organisms are well known as cultivators of fungi?
   • AAnt
   • BCockroach
   • CCrab
   • DSpider
   Answer: (A) Ant
   Explanation

   Option a is the correct answer. Certain species of ants are known as cultivators of fungi. These ants grow fungi in their nests and eat the fungus as food. The ants also protect the fungi from pests and diseases. The most well-known fungus-farming ants are the leafcutter ants. Leafcutters cut leaves from trees and bring them back to their nests. The ants then chew up the leaves and mix them with their saliva to create a compost. The compost is used to the fungi. Other species of fungus-farming ants attine ants and the mealybug ants. Attine ants grow their nests in special fungus gardens. Mealybug to be mealybugs, which are scale insects that The ants feed on the honeydew and also use it fungi. Fungus-fanning ants are an important part ecosystem. They help to break down organic matter nutrients. Fungus-farming ants also provide food animals, such as birds, mammals, and reptiles

2. #2Previous year
   Which of the following have species can establish symbiotic relationship with other organisms? 1. Cnidarians 2. Fungi 3. Protozoa Chemistry and Biology.Select the correct answer using the code given below. [UPSC CSE Pre 2021}
   • A1 and 2 only
   • B2 and 3 only
   • C1 and 3 only
   • D1, 2 and 3
   Answer: (D) 1, 2 and 3
   Explanation

   Option d is the correct three groups mentioned, namely Cnidarians, Protozoa, can establish symbiotic relationships which include organisms like jellyfish, can form a symbiotic relationship algae. In this mutualistic association, known as zooxanthellae, live within the tissues of The algae provide food through in return, the cnidarians offer protection and the algae. This relationship is essential for the growth can establish mutualistic relationships organisms. One common example is where fungi form symbiotic plant roots. The fungi help plants absorb from the soil, while the plants provide sugars to the fungi. Additionally, fungi can in partnership with algae or cyanobacteria, partners benefit from the can also engage in symbiotic relationships. is the mutualistic relationship between and termites. Protozoa living in the termite's digest cellulose, allowing termites to obtain wood. This

3. #3Previous year
   The Panda belongs to die same family as that of: [UPSC CSE Pre 2009)
   • ABear
   • BCat
   • CDog
   • DRabbit
   Answer: (A) Bear
   Explanation

   Option a is the correct pandas belong to the family Ursidae, which is family. They are the only living member of the Pandas are closely related to other as brown bears, black bears, and polar bears. found in bamboo forests in China. They are their diet consists almost entirely of bamboo. solitary animals and only come together to mate. are a vulnerable species and are threatened by and poaching. Conservation efforts are underway pandas, but they remain at risk. Important Tips Red Pandas: Red Pandas are one of the two panda species globally, alongside Giant Pandas. They serve as the state animal of Sikkim, India. Red Pandas are shy, solitary, and tree-dwelling creatures, often regarded as indicators of ecological change. India hosts both sub-species: the Himalayan red panda (Ailurus fulgens) and the Chinese red panda (Ailurus styani), with the Siang River in Arunachal Pradesh acting as a

4. #4UPSC CSE Prelims 2008
   For which one of the following snakes is the diet mainly composed of other snakes?
   • AKrait
   • BRussell's viper
   • CRattlesnake
   • DKing Cobra
   Answer: (D) King Cobra
   Explanation

   Option d is the correct cobras are ophiophagous, meaning that their mainly of other snakes. They are known to variety of snakes, including cobras, pythons, and king cobras. King cobras are also known to eat other small animals, such as lizards and rodents, but their diet composed of snakes. The King Cobra's and ability to handle and consume other it a top-tier predator in the snake world. Its allows it to play a crucial role in controlling in its habitat. Important Tips Ophiophagy: Ophiophagy refers to the specialized feeding behavior of animals that hunt and consume snakes. Various types of animals exhibit ophiophagy, including mammals like skunks and mongooses, birds such as snake eagles, secretary birds, and some hawks, as well as lizards like the common collared lizard. Some snakes, like the Central and South American mussuranas and North American common kingsnake, also display ophio

5. #5State PCS 2005
   In cold weather, aquatic animals survive when water at the top layer of the lake freezes into ice because
   • AThey can breathe in ice
   • BThey have enough accumulated oxygen imi,Je them
   • CTheir body structure is such that they can survive without oxygen
   • DWater has the highest density at so underneath the top layer of ice there is a layer of water
   Answer: (D) Water has the highest density at so underneath the top layer of ice there is a layer of water
   Explanation

   Option d is the correct cold weather, aquatic animals can survive when layer of the lake freezes into ice because of the of water. Water has its highest density at degrees Celsius, As the temperature drops below water becomes less dense and starts to rise. the top layer of ice, there is a layer of which is typically around 4 degrees Celsius, habitat where aquatic animals can continue to live oxygen dissolved in the water. This them to survive even in freezing conditions

6. #6UPSC CSE Prelims 2019
   The word 'Denisovan' is sometimes mentioned in media in reference to
   • Afossils of a kind of dinosaurs
   • Ban early human species
   • Ca cave system found in North-East India
   • Da geological period in the history of Indian subcontinent
   Answer: (B) an early human species
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct Denisovan or Denisova hominins are an extinct subspecies of archaic humans in the genus. They in 2010

7. #7Previous year
   Which of the following statements is/are correct? [UPSC CSE Pre 2016) Viruses can infect- 1. Bacteria 2. Fungi 3. PlantsSelect the correct answer using the code given below
   • A1 and 2 only
   • B3 only
   • C1 and 3 only
   • D1, 2 and 3
   Answer: (C) 1 and 3 only
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct ecosystem is a community of living organisms and environment. The four main components of Abiotic materials: These are the non-living components of an ecosystem, such as water, air, soil, and rocks. Abiotic materials provide the basic resources that living organisms need to survive and reproduce. Producers: Producers are organisms that can make their own food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. Plants are the most common producers in ecosystems. Consumers: Consumers are organisms that eat other organisms. Consumers can be classified into three main types: herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Decomposers: Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organic matter into simple substances that can be reused by producers. Bacteria and fungi are the most common decomposers in four components of an ecosystem are provide food for consumers, and nutrients for p

8. #8UPSC CSE Prelims 2012
   Consider the following kinds of organisms: 1. Bacteria 2. Fungi 3. Flowering plants Some species ofwhich of the above kinds of organisms are employed as bio-pesticides?
   • AOnly 1
   • B2 and 3
   • C1 and 3
   • D1, 2 and 3
   Answer: (D) 1, 2 and 3
   Explanation

   Option d is the correct l is correct- Some species of bacteria, such thuringiensis (Bt), produce toxins that are toxic Bt is widely used as a biopesticide to control as caterpillars, beetles, and moth Option 2 is correct- Some species of fungi, such as and Metarhizium anisopliae, are parasitic These fungi can be used as biopesticides to variety of insect 3 is correct- Some species of flowering plants, neem and pyrethrum, produce chemicals that are insects. These chemicals can be extracted from the used as biopesticides

9. #9UPSC CSE Prelims 2008
   The release of which one of the following into ponds and wells helps in controlling the mosquitoes?
   • ACrab
   • BDogfish
   • CGambusia fish
   • DSnail
   Answer: (C) Gambusia fish
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct release of Gambusia fish into ponds and wells controlling mosquitoes. Gambusia fish, also mosquitofish, are voracious consumers of They feed on mosquito larvae and pupae, mosquito population in aquatic habitats. This is an eco-friendly to manage and prevent the spread of like malaria and dengue. However, it is important that gambusia fish can also have some negative the environment. For example, they can compete fish for food and habitat. They can also eat insects, such as dragonflies and mayflies

10. #10UPSC CSE Prelims 2007
    Keeping pigs away from human settlements helps in the eradication of
    • AMalaria
    • BJapanese encephalitis
    • CElephantiasis
    • DPolio
    Answer: (B) Japanese encephalitis
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct encephalitis is a viral disease that is mosquitoes that breed in water-filled as rice paddies, and feed on pigs and birds. away from human settlements reduces the blood meals for the mosquitoes and lowers the risk for elephantiasis and polio are not related to their habitats. Malaria is caused by a parasite that by Anopheles mosquitoes, elephantiasis is a filarial worm that is transmitted by Culex polio is caused by a virus that is transmitted by fecal oral route

11. #11Previous year
    Indian farmers are unsatisfied with terminator seed technology because it increases the possibility of- [UPSC CSE Pre 1999)
    • AAppearance of bad germination
    • BMaking little yield in spite of high-quality plants
    • CGrowing sterile plants (sexually)
    • DGrowing of plants which are not capable of producing germinable seeds
    Answer: (D) Growing of plants which are not capable of producing germinable seeds
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct farmers are unsatisfied with Terminator because it would make them dependent on companies and could increase the cost of farming E there is a concern that terminator could lead to a loss of biodiversity, as be limited to planting the varieties of seeds that from the seed companies

12. #12UPSC CSE Prelims 2022
    "ff rainforests and tropical forests are the lungs of the Earth, then surely wetlands function as its kidneys;' Which one of the following functions of wetlands best reflects the above statement?
    • AThe water cycle in wetlands involves surface runoff, subsoil percolation and evaporation
    • BAlgae form the nutrient base upon which fish, crustaceans, molluscs, birds, reptiles and mammals thrive
    • CWetlands play a vital role in maintaining sedimentation balance and soil stabilization
    • DAquatic plants absorb heavy metals and excess nutrients
    Answer: (D) Aquatic plants absorb heavy metals and excess nutrients
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct as forests are called as the 'lungs of the earth', the 'kidneys' that regulate water and filter waste include mangroves, peat lands and marshes, lakes, deltas, floodplains and flooded forests, even coral reefs. Aquatic plants of wetlands absorb and excessive nutrients thereby purifying instance, Mangrove trees have the ability of transferring these elements from the sediment them in their tissues They can serve as for the immobilization and removal of pollutants

13. #13UPSC CSE Prelims 2017
    Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for
    • AMeasuring oxygen levels in blood
    • BComputing oxygen levels in forest ecosystems
    • CPollution assay in aquatic ecosystems
    • DAssessing oxygen levels in high altitude regions
    Answer: (C) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystems
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of needed (i. demanded) by aerobic break down organic material present in a given BOD is directly proportional to the level of the water body la Important Tips Difference between Biological oxygen demand (BOD) and Chemical oxygen demand (COD): BOD COD BOD is defined as the Chemical Oxygen Demand amount of oxygen taken (COD) is a test that up through the respiratory measures the amount activity of microorganisms of oxygen required to growing on organic chemically oxidize the material. organic material and inorganic nutrients, such as Ammonia or Nitrate, present in water

14. #14UPSC CSE Prelims 2013
    With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements: 1. A food chains illustrates the order in which a chain of organisms feed upon each other. 2. Food chains are found within the populations of a species. 3. A food chain illustrates the numbers of each organism which are eaten by others. 21.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B1 and 2 only
    • C1, 2 and 3
    • DNone
    Answer: (D) None
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct answer barcoding is a molecular technology that identification of any biological species by and querying the information from genie intergenic standardized target regions belonging to l is incorrect: Geologists use the radiometric uranium and the isotopes of other radioactive with observations of fossils and sediment layers, the course of Earth's natural history and the life. To measure the age of plant and animal the more recent past, scientists use a of carbon, called carbon-14, as their clock. decays, with a half-life of about 5,730 years, nitrogen-14. Using this clock, they have campfires and other objects as old as 60,000 in some cases even 2 is correct: DNA barcodes allow non-experts species - even from small, damaged, processed material. Just as the unique bars in a universal product code (UPC) identifies product, a "DNA barcode" is a unique DNA sequence th

15. #15UPPCS 2018
    Which is the most stable ecosystem?
    • AMarine (ocean)
    • BForest
    • CMountain
    • DDesert
    Answer: (A) Marine (ocean)
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct most stable ecosystem is the marine (ocean) are very large and deep, which helps to buffer changes in temperature and salinity. They also high diversity of organisms, which makes them to disturbances. Forests are also relatively but they are more vulnerable to as wildfires and insect outbreaks. Mountains are the least stable ecosystems, as they are extreme weather conditions and have relatively

16. #16UPPCS 2017
    Which one of the following is the correct order of biological organization ranging from organism to biosphere?
    • APopulation - Ecosystem - Community - Landscape
    • BLandscape - Community - Ecosystem - Population
    • CPopulation - Community - Ecosystem - Landscape
    • DPopulation - Landscape - Community - Ecosystem
    Answer: (C) Population - Community - Ecosystem - Landscape
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct correct order would be Population - Community - Landscape. The biological organization of Earth can be represented by a hierarchy, with each on the one below it. Organism: An individual living thing, such as a plant, animal, or fungus. Population: A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. Community: All of the populations of different species that live in the same area and interact with each other. Ecosystem: A community of living organisms and their physical environment. Landscape: A mosaic of different ecosystems in a particular area. Biosphere: The entire Earth's surface and atmosphere, including all of the living things that inhabit it

17. #17Previous year
    Which one of the following trees is NOT eco-friendly? [. (Mains)
    • ABabul
    • BEucalyptus
    • CNeem
    • DPipal
    Answer: (B) Eucalyptus
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct trees are not eco-friendly for several reasons: Water-Intensive: Eucalyptus trees have a high transpiration rate, releasing significant amounts of water vapor into the air, which can lead to water shortages in arid regions. Allelopathic: Eucalyptus trees produce chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants, potentially reducing biodiversity in the areas they inhabit. Flammable: Eucalyptus trees are highly flammable, posing a risk and contributing to the spread of these environmental concerns, eucalyptus trees native to many regions where they are now local ecosystems and displacing native flora Important Tips It is important to note that there are some species of eucalyptus trees that are eco-friendlier than others. For example, the sugar gum (Eucalyptus cladocalyx) is a native Australian tree that is relatively drought-tolerant and does not produce as many a

18. #18State PCS 2003
    Which one of the following ecosystems covers the largest area of the earth's surface?
    • ADesert Ecosystem
    • BGrassl and Ecosystem
    • CMountain Ecosystem
    • DMarine Ecosystem
    Answer: (A) Desert Ecosystem
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct 1 is correct: The Indian Regional System (IRNSS), also known as seven satellites. Out of these, three in geostationary orbits, and the remaining four are 2 is incorrect: IRNSS primarily covers India region extending up to 1500 km beyond its borders. is its primary service region. Additionally, there is Service Area, which extends further but is to full global 3 is incorrect: IRNSS is intended for and it does not provide full global coverage. the middle of 2019, IRNSS had not evolved into a system. ional Navig e S IRNSS is designed to provide accurate positioning and timing services to users in India as well as region extending up to km from its boundary NAVIC TWO TYPES OF Hmm f Encrypted service l Meant an users 2 provlded only to authorised users (military and security agencies) Applications of IRNSS are: While Ameriam GPS bas Terrestrlal, aerial and marine in or

19. #19State PCS 2002
    Consider the following statements relating to the ecosystem: 1. The term ecosystem was first used by A.G. Tansley. 2. Those organisms which produce their food themselves are termed as autotrophs. 3. Consumers consume their food through the process of photosynthesis. 4. Decomposers convert inorganic matter into organic matter.Which of the above statements are correct?
    • A1 and 2
    • B1 and 3
    • C2 and 4
    • D3 and 4
    Answer: (A) 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct 1 is correct- In 1935, A.G. Tansley word "ecosystem" to highlight how the living its surroundings are interconnected, forming a unit within a larger framework of physical extend from the tiniest atoms to the vast 2 is correct- An autotroph, often referred a producer, is an organism capable of its own nourishment using various sources light, water, carbon dioxide, or specific ability to produce their own food from heterotrophs, which rely on consuming other organisms. While plants are the most common autotrophs, various other organisms fall category, including algae, both in large seaweed tiny phytoplankton found in oceans, as well as of bacteria, all of which possess the capacity for self 3 is incorrect- Heterotrophs, derived Greek words "hetero" for "other" and "trophe" are organisms that acquire their energy nutrients by consuming other living they are plants or

20. #20UPSC CDS 2017
    A biological community in its environment such as a pond, an ocean, a forest, even an aquarium is known as
    • Abiome
    • Bcommunity
    • Cabiotic environment
    • Decosystem
    Answer: (D) ecosystem
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct ecosystem is a biological community in its includes all the living organisms in the area, as well non-living physical environment. The living with each other and with the physical a complex web of relationships

21. #21UKPSC 2012
    The number of organisms that can be supported by the environment in a given area is known as
    • APopulation
    • BCarrying Capacity
    • CPyramid of number or biomass
    • DNone of the above
    Answer: (B) Carrying Capacity
    Explanation

    Option bis the correct capacity is the maximum population size biological species that can be sustained by a given the food, habitat, water, and available. Let's assume, the carrying capacity in a particula'r forest is 100 deer. This means that can support a maximum of 100 deer without resources. If the number of deer in the forest exceeds the deer will start to compete for resources, and may die Important Tips Population is the total number of individuals of a particular species living in a particular area at a particular time. For example, the population of white tailed deer in the United States is estimated to be between 25 and 30 million. A pyramid of numbers or biomass is a graphical representation of the number or biomass of organisms at different trophic levels in an ecosystem. Important Types of Ecological of Description pyramid Pyramid of Shows the The primary energy flow of ene

22. #22State PCS 2014
    The example of "Lentic Habitat" in the freshwater community is
    • APonds and swamps
    • BWaterfalls and rivers
    • CPonds and rivers
    • DAll of the above
    Answer: (A) Ponds and swamps
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct habitats are freshwater ecosystems that have Ponds and swamps are examples of lentic are typically shallow bodies of water with or no current. Lentic habitats can be found all over in a variety of climates. l,IFor

23. #23UPSC CSE Prelims 2014
    If you walk through countryside, you are likely to see some birds stalking alongside the cattle to seize the insects disturbed by their movement through grasses. Which one of the following such 1. Painted Stork 2. Common Myna 3. Black-necked CraneSelect the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 2 only
    • B2 only
    • C2 and 3 only
    • D3 only
    Answer: (B) 2 only
    Explanation

    Option bis the correct Stork is a fish eating bird found near water as wetlands, marshes, and flooded agricultural the Common Myna is an omnivore. In 2000, it declared as one of the world's most invasive species by The Black-necked crane is found in and is unlikely to be found walking through

24. #24UPPCS 2022
    Keibul Lamjao National Park is located in which lake?
    • ADal
    • BKolleru
    • CLoktak
    • DWular
    Answer: (C) Loktak
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct Lamjao National Park is the only floating park world, located in Northeast India, and an integral Loktak Lake. Loktak Lake is the largest freshwater India, situated in Manipur state. The national park by floating decomposed plant material phumdi. It is the last natural habitat of the deer (Sangai) or Eld's deer (Cervus eldi eldi is the state animal of Manipur

25. #25UPPCS 2018
    Dachigam National Park is associated with which of the following?
    • AMusk Deer
    • BGolden Or iole
    • CYellow-Throated Marten
    • DHangul or Kashmir Stag
    Answer: (D) Hangul or Kashmir Stag
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct National Park is known for being the habitat hangul, or the Kashmir stag, which is a subspecies red deer and the state animal of Jammu and park also has other animal species, such as pygmy owlet, woodpecker, and koklass pheasant. Important Tips Dachigam National Park: Established in 1981, Dachigam National Park was created to provide a protected area for the conservation of the Hangul. The park is situated near Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir. It is known for its rugged terrain, alpine meadows, and dense forests, making it an important habitat for a variety of wildlife species

26. #26UPPCS 2015
    The most significant aspect of biodiversity is
    • AFood
    • BDrug
    • CIndustrial Use
    • DMaintenance of ecosystem
    Answer: (D) Maintenance of ecosystem
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct power projects have various environmental need to be studied and resolved, such contamination of air, soil and water: plants do not directly emit carbon dioxide, but radioactive waste as a byproduct that can environment if not properly managed. Nuclear also release large amounts of radioactive material air, soil and water, causing health and and loss of flora and fauna: Nuclear require large areas of land for construction which can result in deforestation and loss Mining of uranium ore, the fuel for plants, can also disrupt the natural habitats of waste disposal: One of the most of nuclear power projects is the disposal of fuel and other radioactive waste. These hazardous for thousands of years and need to from the environment in secure facilities. suitable sites and ensuring long-term safety and controversial issues

27. #27UPPCS 2011
    The Periyar Game Sanctuary is famous for
    • ALions
    • BSpotted deer
    • CTigers
    • DWild Elephants
    Answer: (D) Wild Elephants
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct Periyar Game Sanctuary is famous for its The sanctuary is home to a large Asian elephants, sometimes forming herds of up to The elephants can be seen near the Periyar is an artificial reservoir created by the The sanctuary is located in the Cardamom Hills Hills of the Western Ghats, along the border Nadu. The sanctuary also offers boat safaris, and trekking opportunities for visitors who want to wildlife closely

28. #28UPPCS 2010
    Where is the wild ass sanctuary?
    • AU.P
    • BAssam
    • CGujarat
    • DRajasthan
    Answer: (C) Gujarat
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct wild ass sanctuary is located in the state of India. It is also known as the Indian Wild Ass the Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary. It covers a large the Little Rann of Kutch, which is a salt marsh sanctuary was established in 1972 to protect the Indian wild ass, which is a subspecies of wild ass. The sanctuary is also home to many of animals and birds, especially during the

29. #29UPPCS 2005
    Which one of the following Indian birds is a highly endangered species?
    • AGolden Or iole
    • BGreat Indian Bustard
    • CIndian Fantail Pigeon
    • DIndian Sunbird
    Answer: (B) Great Indian Bustard
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) is bird found on the Indian subcontinent. It is a state bird of Rajasthan. It is one of the heaviest flying the world, with males weighing up to 15 kg. The Bustard is a Critically endangered species, with population of only 150-250 birds remaining. Indian Bustard is threatened by a number of habitat loss, hunting, and power line collisions. Important Tips IUCN Status of other birds: Golden Oriole- Least Concern. Indian Fantail Pigeon- Near Threatened. Indian Sunbird- Least Concern

30. #30UPPCS 2005
    A species is considered to be extinct if it has not been seen in its natural habitat for
    • A15 years
    • B25 years
    • C40 years
    • D50 years
    Answer: (D) 50 years
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct species is considered extinct when it hasn't in the wild for an uninterrupted period of Extinction happens due to environmental factors fragmentation, global changes, natural overexploitation for human purposes, as well of evolutionary changes within the species, such inbreeding, low reproduction rates, and numbers. Important Tips Compilation of species that have been officially declared extinct: Dodo Passenger pigeon Tasmanian tiger Great auk Pyrenean ibex Baiji Western black rhinoceros Golden toad Po'ouli Spix's macaw Hawaiian crow

31. #31UPPCS 2005
    The 'Cloud Goats' of the Nilgiri is found in
    • AEravikulam National Park
    • BMann Forest
    • CPeriyar Reserve
    • DSilent Valley
    Answer: (A) Eravikulam National Park
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct Eravikulam National Park in Kerala is home to and most viable population of the Nilgil'i Goats), with about 800 individuals. The park in 1978 to protect the habitat of this The park also hosts other rare and endemic plants, such as the lion-tailed macaque, the the Neelakurinji flower and many more. National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage a biodiversity hotspot I ENVIRO Important Tips The 'Cloud Goats' of the Nilgiri are also known as the Nilgiri tahr, a rare and endangered mountain goat that is endemic to the Nilgiri Hills and the southern part of the Western and Eastern Ghats in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in southern India. The Nilgiri tahr is found in the open montane grassland habitat of the Southwestern Ghats montane rain forests ecoregion, where it grazes on grasses, herbs and shrubs. The Nilgiri tahr is also called 'varaiaadu' in Tamil and 'varyaad

32. #32UPPCS 2002
    The destruction of biodiversity is due to
    • AThe lack of natural habitats of the organism
    • BEnvironmental pollution
    • CDestruction of forests
    • DAll of the above
    Answer: (D) All of the above
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct 1 is correct- When natural habitats are as through deforestation, development, or plants and animals that live there are displaced or can lead to species 2 is correct- Environmental pollution poses a to biodiversity, leading to habitat loss, direct chain disruptions, and increased susceptibility Pollution contaminates and degrades plants and animals, with examples like air pollution damaging habitats and poisoning disrupt crucial food chains, impacting pollinators and weaken immune systems, more prone to diseases. Additionally, to climate change, causing and endangering species unable to adapt 3 is correct- Forests are home to a wide variety and animals. When forests are destroyed, the animals that live there are displaced or killed

33. #33UPPCS 2001
    While India's Human population is growing at an outstanding pace, the bird population is shrinking fastly mainly because 1. There has been an abnormal increase in the number of hunters. 2. Bio-pesticides and organic manure are being used on a large scale. 3. There has been a large-scale reduction in the habitats of the birds. 4. There has been large-scale use of pesticides, chemical fertilizers and mosquito repellents. Select your answer correctly using the code given below
    • A1 and 2 are correct
    • B2 and 3 are correct
    • C3 and 4 are correct
    • D1 and 4 are correct
    Answer: (C) 3 and 4 are correct
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is incorrect- A 2019 study by the of India found that the number of in India declined from 1.5 million in 2004 to in 2018. The study also found that the number licenses issued in India declined from 2.2 2004 to 1.8 million in 2 is incorrect- A 2020 study by the of Soil Science found that bio-pesticides are to birds than synthetic pesticides. The study bio-pesticides are more targeted and less persistent environment, which reduces their risk to birds. published in the journal "Environmental Science Research" in 2018, found that organic manure harmful to birds than chemical fertilizers. The that organic manure does not contain the same toxic chemicals as chemical fertilizers, and it is also to pollute 3 is correct- Habitat loss is one of the to bird populations around the world. Birds rely on habitats for food, shelter, and breeding. When lost, birds are displaced

34. #34UPPCS 1996
    Which one of the following States has the ideal habitat for the Siberian crane?
    • ARajasthan
    • BArunachal Pradesh
    • CAndhra Pradesh
    • DOdisha
    Answer: (A) Rajasthan
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct Siberian crane generally visits to the of Rajasthan in winters, which were in the nineteenth century. However, the of this species in India was in 2002. The prefers shallow marshlands and wetlands with and low human disturbance. In India, habitats are marshlands, wet and dry and agricultural fields

35. #35State PCS 2018
    Among the mathematical indices for measuring biodiversity, which one shows the mean species diversity in a habitat at a local scale?
    • AAlpha index
    • BBeta index
    • CGamma index
    • DNone of these 13 l
    Answer: (A) Alpha index
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct index is used to show the mean species a habitat at a local scale. Alpha diversity is the species within a single community or ecosystem. It measured by counting the number of (species richness) and the abundance of Alpha diversity can be calculated for any type including plants, animals, and microbes. Important Tips Beta diversity is the diversity of species between different communities or ecosystems. It is typically measured by comparing the species composition of two or more sites. Beta diversity can be used to identify areas with high or low levels of species turnover. Gamma diversity is the total diversity of species in a region or landscape. It is typically calculated by summing the alpha diversity of all communities or ecosystems in the region. Gamma diversity can be used to compare the biodiversity of different regions or landscapes llfom {

36. #36State PCS 2016
    First National Park established in India is
    • AJim Corbett National Park
    • BKanha National Park
    • CKaziranga National Park
    • DGir National Park
    Answer: (A) Jim Corbett National Park
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct Corbett National Park, located in the Indian state was the first national park established It was established in 1936 under the name Park and was later renamed in honor of conservationist and author Jim Corbett. The known for its rich biodiversity, including a variety of fauna, and is particularly famous for its population tigers. Important Tips Kanha National Park: This is one of the largest national parks in India, covering an area of 940 in the Maikal range of Satpuras in Madhya Pradesh state. It was declared a reserve forest in 1879 and a wildlife sanctuary in 1933. It became a national park in 1955 and a tiger reserve in 1979. It is famous for its population of barasingha, also known as swamp deer, which are vulnerable and endemic to this region. Kaziranga National Park: This is a national park in the Golaghat and Nagaon districts of Assam state. It was estab

37. #37State PCS 2013
    Read the list of National Parks and Animals housed for conservation:(Animilts): A. Bandipur 1. Tiger Reserve B. Kaziranga 2. Elephant Reserve C. Sunderbans 3. One-horned Rhinoceros Reserve D. Similipal 4. Biosphere and Tiger ReserveWhich one of the following is correctly matched? mnl
    • A2, 4 1 3
    • B1, 3 4 2
    • C4, 1 3 2
    • D3, 1 2 4
    Answer: (B) 1, 3 4 2
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct National Park is a tiger reserve located It is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve a variety of wildlife, including elephants, bears, gaur, and National Park is famous for its which are found nowhere else in the is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a tiger in Assam. It is home to many other such as wild water buffalo, swamp deer, and bans National Park is a biosphere reserve and a located in West Bengal. It is the largest in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It a habitat for many aquatic animals, such as turtles, and National Park is an elephant reserve and a located in Odisha. It is also a biosphere reserve part of the Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve. It has a of flora and fauna, including orchids, sal leopards, sambar deer, and hornbills

38. #38State PCS 2010
    Sariska and Ranthambore are the reserves for which of the following animals?
    • ALion
    • BDeer
    • CTiger
    • DBear
    Answer: (C) Tiger
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct and Ranthambore are both tiger reserves in Rajasthan, India. They are known for their population of Royal and other wildlife species. Sari ska Tiger Reserve the status of a tiger reserve making it a part of India's 11 ty Tiger in 1979. Ranthambore National Park became a tft(! A po hkfl' pom ttd gtrn i, they of Project Tiger in 1973. to Thw; ir'i d ri tr r/Vfr tnfff( 136, Solution: (a) trfifl/ng,, Option a is the correct answer. aod h,lbtt.Jt Md gangeticus, commonly known as the Gharial, plenty in the Ganga River. The Gharial is a crocodilian species known for its long, thin While it was historically found in various rivers across Aho Indian subcontinent, its population has significantly or thit rt ( In With ittvm M't and it is now predominantly found in the Ganga foumf f hobitta, Md system in India. It is also found in other major rivers qgg (,Q-ll arod Md their t

39. #39State PCS 1992
    Which of the following National Parks/ Sanctuary is known as 'World Natural Heritage'?
    • ARanthambore National Park, Sawai Madhopur
    • BKeoladeo National Park, Bharatpur
    • CDesert National Park, Jaisalmer
    • DTal Chhapar Sanctuary, Churn
    Answer: (B) Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur
    Explanation

    Option his the correct National Park, formerly known as Sanctuary, is home to over 360 species of birds dedared a Wndd Heritage site in 1985 by National Park is a wetland and bird in Rajasthan. The park was created Suraj Mal of Bharatpur in the 18th century as reserve for waterfowl. Important Tips Ranthambore Nationa: rk, Sawai Madhopur: This is one of the largest and most renowned national parks in northern India, covering an area of 1334 sq km. It is located in the Sawai Madhopur district of southeastern Rajasthan, about 130 km from Jaipur. Desert National Park, Jaisalmer: This is a national park situated in the Thar Desert near Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. It covers an area of sq km, making it one of the largest national parks in the country. The park also has fossils from the Jurassic Period. Tal Chhapar Sanctuary, Churu: This is a sanctuary located in the Churu district of northwestern Raj

40. #40State PCS 2015
    In which state Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary is located?
    • AUttar Pradesh
    • BKerala
    • CMadhya Pradesh
    • DMaharashtra
    Answer: (B) Kerala
    Explanation

    Option bis the correct Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Idukki and Pathanamthitta in Kerala. It is situated Western Ghats and was designated as a Tiger 1978. The sanctuary is named after the Periyar originates within its boundaries. It is known for flora and fauna, including elephants, tigers, sambar deer, and various primate species like lion tailed macaques and Nilgiri langurs. f

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