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Pollution & Climate Change — UPSC Prelims Science & Environment previous year questions

83 solved previous year questions on Pollution & Climate Change, papers from 1993 to 2023, drawn from UPSC CSE Prelims, UPPCS, UPSC CAPF. Each carries the printed answer key and the explanation from the source compilation.

1. #1UPSC CSE Prelims 2021
   Bisphenol A (BPA), a cause of concern is a structural/key component in the of which of the following kirufa of plastics?
   • ALow-density polyethylene
   • BPolycarbonate
   • CPolyethylene terephthalate
   • DPolyvinyl chl or ide
   Answer: (B) Polycarbonate
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct A (BPA) is a structural component used in of polycarbonate plastics. Polycarbonate is of plastic known for its transparency, impact high-temperature tolerance. It is commonly used products such as eyeglass lenses, medical containers, and even in coatings for CDs and is also used in epoxy resins and vinyl ester resins, in low-density polyethylene, polyethylene polyvinyl chloride 1 L Solution: Option a is the correct is called the "universal solvent" because it is dissolving more substances than any other liquid. important to every living thing on earth. It means water goes, either through the air, the through our bodies, it takes along valuable and is water's chemical composition and physical make it such an excellent solvent. Water molecules polar arrangement of oxygen and hydrogen (hydrogen) has a positive electrical charge and the (oxygen) had a negative charge.

2. #2Previous year
   Consider the following statements: 1. Anhydrous Sodium carbonate is commonly known as baking sodium (baking soda). 2. Baking soda is used as a fire extinguisher. 3. Bleaching powders are produced in Hasnclaver plant.Which of these statements is/are right? [UPSC CSE Pre 2005)
   • A1, 2 and 3
   • B2 and 3 only
   • C3 only
   • D1 and 2 only
   Answer: (B) 2 and 3 only
   Explanation

   Option bis the correct I is incorrect: Anhydrous sodium commonly known as washing soda. Baking soda is name for sodium bicarbonate 2 is correct: Baking soda, or sodium used as a fire extinguisher for small grease fires. to the fire, it releases carbon dioxide gas, the flames by displacing oxygen, thus the 3 is correct: Bleaching powder, also known hypochlorite or calcium oxychloride produced in the Hasenclever plant through a This plant consists of multiple horizontal rotating shafts and blades. Dry slaked lime fed into the cylinder, vvhilc chlorine gas passed through the lowermost cylinder. As the slaked and reacts with the chlorine gas, it forms This product is collected from the bottom of cylinder

3. #3UPSC CSE Prelims 2000
   Consider the following statements: Assertion (A}: Large cold storage plants use ammonia as refrigerant while domestic refrigerators use chlorofluorocarbons. Reason Ammonia can be liquefied at ambient temperatures at low pressures. Code
   • ABoth (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
   • BBoth (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
   • C(A) is true, but (R) is false
   • D(A) is false, but (R) is true
   Answer: (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct (A) is true because ammonia (CFCs) are both used as in different applications. Ammonia is used in storage plants because it has high efficiency, impact, and low cost. However, also toxic, corrosive, and flammable, which makes for domestic use. CFCs are used in because they are non-toxic, non-corrosive, which makes them safe and CFCs have a high environmental impact, as the ozone layer and contribute to global (R) is false: Ammonia cannot be liquefied temperatures at low pressures. In fact, a higher critical temperature and pressure than means it requires more energy to compress Ammonia boils at -33.3 l atm, while at -29.8 1 atm. The reason why ammonia is used cold storage plants is not because of its low but because of its high latent heat of means it can absorb more heat from the it evaporates

4. #4UPSC CSE Prelims 1993
   Which of the following archaeological samples is adopted to determine the age of firewood bone and shell?
   • AUranium-238
   • BArgon-Isotopes
   • CCarbon-14
   • DStrontium-90
   Answer: (C) Carbon-14
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct dating is a radiometric dating method that to determine the age of organic materials. It is the principle that carbon-14, a radioactive carbon, is constantly decaying into nitrogen-14 at rate. When an organism dies, it ceases to take carbon-14, and the carbon-14 that is already the organism begins to decay. By measuring the carbon-14 remaining in an organic sample, scientists how long ago the organism died. Carbon-14 widely used in archaeology to date a variety of including firewood, bone, and shell. It is to date other types of materials, such as charcoal, textiles

5. #5UPPCS 2022
   Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT) is a
   • ANon-biodegradable pollutant
   • BBiochemical pollutant
   • CNon-Pollutant
   • DBiodegradable pollutant
   Answer: (A) Non-biodegradable pollutant
   Explanation

   Option a is the correct short for clear, crystalline, odorless, and tasteless widely employed as an insecticide due effectiveness. However, DDT is known for its non biodegradable nature, meaning it cannot break down substances. Consequently, it has been use in many nations. This ban is primarily due to similar agrochemicals being significant contributors pollution, as they release greenhouse the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution. Dichlordiphenyltrichlorethan

6. #6UPPCS 2019
   Which one of the following is not correctly matched? ( (Substance) (Use) '"
   • ASilver Artificial bromide Photosynthesis
   • BSilver iodide Artificial rain
   • CLithium Treatment of bicarbonate rheumatism
   • DMilk of Antacid magnesia
   Answer: (A) Silver Artificial bromide Photosynthesis
   Explanation

   Option a is the col'l'ect a is incorrect- Silver bromide is used in of photographic emulsions, not in Artificial photosynthesis is a process sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide and hydrogen. b is correct- Silver iodide is a small crystal that used to induce artificial rain by seeding clouds. iodide is injected into clouds, it acts as a nucleus droplets to form around. This can lead to the rain clouds and c is correct- Lithium bicarbonate is a salt used to treat rheumatism. Rheumatism is a causes inflammation and pain in the joints. is thought to work by reducing d is correct- Milk of magnesia is a suspension hydroxide in water. It is used as an treat heartburn and indigestion. Antacids work stomach acid

7. #7UPPCS 2019
   Arrange the following substances in chronological order of their first synthesis in lab: 1. Black gold 2. Fullerene 3. Graphene 4. KevlarSelect the correct answer from the codes given below
   • A1, 2, 3, 4
   • B4, 2, 3, 1
   • C2, 4, 3, 1
   • D4, 1, 2, 3
   Answer: (B) 4, 2, 3, 1
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct chronological order of the first lab synthesis of the gold (2019) Diamond Graphite (ep' hybridized carbon (sp' hybridized carbon) structure) Fullerenes Nanotubes Graphene (OD structure) structure) structure) Forumlm Important Tips Kevlar, developed by Stephanie Kwolek in 1965, is a strong and heat-resistant synthetic fiber. Initially used in racing tires in the early as a steel replacement, it's widely employed today in various applications like bicycle tires, racing sails, and bulletproof vests. Kevlar boasts a remarkable tensile strength-to-weight ratio, being five times stronger than steel. Fullerenes are unique carbon allotropes composed of carbon atoms forming closed or partially closed meshes with fused rings of five to seven atoms. Discovered in ] 985 by Harold Kroto and a team including James R. Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl, and Richard Smalley, they w

8. #8UPPCS 2015
   Which of the following is made up of Carbon only?
   • AKevlar
   • BLexan
   • CGraphene
   • DSpider silk
   Answer: (C) Graphene
   Explanation

   287. Solution: Option c is the correct answer. Exp) Option b is the correct is composed solely of carbon. Graphene is a layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal Hllf dmu.cae from making it a pure carbon allotrope. It is incredibly to mp lightweight, and exhibits exceptional electrical other options are all compounds that contain carbon as eye to bottom of as other is a polymer made up of carbon, hydrogen, is a plastic made up of carbon, hydrogen, and silk is a protein made up of carbon, oxygen, and sulfur. Important Tips The minimum height of a plane mirror required to see the Lexan is a brand name for a type of polycarbonate full-size image of a person is equal to half the height of the plastic known for its durability and impact resistance. person. This is because when light from a person reflects off It is commonly used in applications requiring transparent, a plane mirror, it cr

9. #9UPSC CSE Prelims 2019
   In the context of which one of the following are the terms 'pyrolysis and plasma gasification' mentioned?
   • AExtraction of rare earth elements
   • BNatural gas extraction technologies
   • CHydrogen fuel-based automobiles
   • DWaste-to-energy technologies
   Answer: (D) Waste-to-energy technologies
   Explanation

   Option d is the correct is a high-temperature chemical that operates in an oxygen-free at temperatures exceeding and This method is commonly employed to materials into a solid residue, including ash along with minor quantities of liquid and contrast, plasma gasification is an even more process utilizing plasma to convert organic syngas, primarily composed of hydrogen and This advanced technology finds as a waste-to-energy system, solid waste, tires, hazardous waste, and into syngas, which can be utilized to generate power

10. #10UPSC CSE Prelims 2022
    With reference to polyethylene terephthalate, the use of which is so widespread in our daily lives, consider the following statements: I. Its fibres can be blended with wool and cotton fibres to reinforce their properties. 2. Containers made of it can be used to store any alcoholic beverage. 3. Bottles made of it can be recycled into other products. 4. Articles made of it can be easily disposed of by incineration without causing greenhouse gas emissions. mr or KING. R QUEEN P [ ] ystem Functions, Terrestial Ecosystem and AquaticWhich of the statements given above are correct?
    • A1 and 3
    • B2 and 4
    • C1 and 4
    • D2 and 3
    Answer: (A) 1 and 3
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct terephthalate (PET or PETE) is a strong, fibre and resin and a member of the of polymers. PET is spun into fibres for permanent press fabrics and blow-molded into disposable I is correct: PET fibres make them to deformation, so they impart excellent wrinkling in fabrics. They are often used in durable press blends with other fibres such as rayon, wool, reinforcing the inherent properties of those contributing to the ability of the fabric to recover 2 is incorrect: Sale of Alcohol in PET is Maharashtra plastic packaging is dangerous to health and the country liquor and country made both are prohabited to be sold in such PET is widely used in carbonated-beverage in jars for food processed at low temperatures. The temperature of PET-approximately 70 it from being used as a container for hot 3 is correct: Polyethylene terephthalate is widely recycled plastic. For inst

11. #11UPSC CSE Prelims 2018
    Which of the following statements best describes "carbon fertilizatio
    • AIncreased plant growth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
    • BIncreased temperature of Earth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
    • CIncreased acidity of oceans as a result of increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
    • DAdaptation of all living beings on Earth to the climate change brought about by the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
    Answer: (A) Increased plant growth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct answer Carbon fertilization is the increased growth of plants increased rate of photosynthesis in plants that increased levels of carbon dioxide in the effect varies depending on the plant species, and the availability of water and is also the artificial enrichment of the atmosphere with carbon dioxide used to improve CO2 concentration increases the plant growth photosynthesis, even under water stress conditions. CO2 concentration enhances water use water stresses

12. #12UPSC CAPF 2017
    The term 'Biomagnification, is referred to as
    • Aincrease in the body weight
    • Buncontrolled growth of harmful organisms
    • Caccumulation of increasing amount of non-degradable pollutant through food chain
    • Dincrease in the number of bacteria in a culture medium
    Answer: (C) accumulation of increasing amount of non-degradable pollutant through food chain
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct term "biomagnification" refers to the process by pollutants or substances become as they move up the food chain. when organisms at lower trophic levels food or water, absorbing the pollutants tissues. As these organisms are consumed by higher level predators, the pollutants accumulate and concentrated in their bodies. Consequently, of the pollutant increases at each level

13. #13UPSC CSE Prelims 2023
    Consider the following activities 1. Spreading finely ground basalt rock on farmlands extensively 2. Increasing the alkalinity of oceans by adding lime 3. Capturing carbon dioxide released by various industries and pumping into abandoned subterranean mines in the form of carbonated waters. warming, Ozone depletion, Mitigation strategiesHow many of the above activities are often considered and discussed for carbon capture and sequestration?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct l is correct- Spreading finely ground basalt farmlands extensively: This activity, known as involves spreading finely ground basalt rock to accelerate the natural process of carbon from the atmosphere. The basalt reacts with to form stable carbonates, effectively storing 2 is correct- Increasing the alkalinity of adding lime: This approach, known as ocean involves adding lime ( calcium oxide or hydroxide) to the oceans to increase their process enhances the capacity of the oceans to store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, in carbon 3 is correct- Capturing carbon dioxide various industries and pumping it into mines in the form of carbonated waters: refers to carbon capture and storage (CCS), dioxide emissions from industrial processes and stored underground. Abandoned can serve as suitable storage sites, with the dioxide pumped into these locations in the form wa

14. #14UPSC CSE Prelims 2022
    "Climate Action Tracker" which monitors to address the challenges of Urban India. the emission reduction pledges of different Which of the statements given above is/are countries is a: correct? Nations Environment Programme and (a) Central water Commission World Bank (b) Central Ground Water Board
    • ADatabase created by coalition (a) 1 only organisations of Research organisations (b) 2 only
    • BWing of "International Panel of Climate (c) Both 1 and 2
    • CCommittee under "United Nations 5
    • DNeither 1 nor 2 Change"
    Answer: (A) Database created by coalition (a) 1 only organisations of Research organisations (b) 2 only
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct l is correct- This statement states that are likely to be one of the most widespread tools fight against climate change. This statement is Carbon markets, also known as emissions or cap-and-trade systems, are mechanisms that put on carbon emissions. They create economic reducing emissions by allowing entities to buy and credits. This helps to create a market-based reducing greenhouse gas emissions and has been many countries and regions as a strategy to 2 is correct- Carbon markets are a to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by price on carbon. They create a market for buying carbon credits, which represent the right to emit amount of greenhouse gases. In carbon or entities that emit fewer greenhouse gases allotted limit can sell their excess credits to those their limit. This allows for a more efficient emission reduction efforts. While carbon markets transactions a

15. #15UPSC CSE Prelims 2021
    The 'Common Carbon Metric', supported by UNEP, has been developed for
    • AAssessing the carbon footprint of building operations around the world
    • BEnabling commercial farming entities around the world to enter carbon emission trading
    • CEnabling governments to assess the overall carbon footprint caused by their countries
    • DAssessing the overall carbon foot print caused by the use of fossil fuels by the world in a unit time
    Answer: (A) Assessing the carbon footprint of building operations around the world
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct Social Cost of Carbon is usually estimated as the value of climate change impacts over the years (or longer) of one additional tonne of to the atmosphere today. It is the marginal costs of carbon social cost of carbon (SCC) is the central concept inclusion of climate change damages in the of public policy and public investments. It present value in monetary terms of the damages an additional ton of carbon (or any other is released into the atmosphere

16. #16UPSC CSE Prelims 2014
    With reference to 'Global Environment Facility', which of the following statements is/are correct?
    • AIt serves as financial mechanism for 'Convention on Biological Diversity' and 'United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change'
    • BIt undertakes scientific research on environmental issues at global level
    • CIt is an agency under OECD to facilitate the transfer of technology and funds to underdeveloped countries with specific aim to protect their environment
    • DBoth (a) and (b)
    Answer: (A) It serves as financial mechanism for 'Convention on Biological Diversity' and 'United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change'
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct greenhouse is designed to create a favorable plants to thrive in colder climates. When sunlight the greenhouse, it is absorbed by the plants and However, much of the outgoing infrared carries heat, cannot pass through the glass trapped inside. This trapped heat creates a conducive environment for plant growth. Earth can be thought of as a greenhouse. It radiation, particularly in the visible the Sun. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon methane, then retain some of the infrared by the Earth, preventing it from escaping space. The glass used in a greenhouse is opaque radiation, reflecting and absorbing these radiations. This property of greenhouse glass helps to trap the energy from the Sun, keeping the greenhouse or the Earth's atmosphere, leading effects

17. #17UPSC CSE Prelims 2010
    The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty drawn at
    • AUnited Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 1972
    • BUN Conference on Environment and Development, Rio-de-Janeiro, 1992
    • CWorld Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, 2002
    • DUN Climate Change Conference, Copenhagen, 2009
    Answer: (A) United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 1972
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct are more frequent in the coastal areas of Bay because the bay has higher sea surface humidity than other regions in the North These factors create favorable conditions for low pressure systems to form and intensify into Water in the Bay of Bengal does not have any special chemicals that help in the formation of cyclones. Cyclones are formed by natural atmospheric processes that depend on the temperature, pressure, wind, and moisture of the air and The long chain of islands of Andaman and Nicobar does not act as a launching pad for cyclones. In fact, these islands can act as a barrier or a buffer that can weaken or deflect the cyclones that approach them The conical shape of Bay of Bengal does not funnel cyclones northwards when they are formed in the sea. The direction and movement of cyclones are influenced by many factors, such as the Coriolis force, the steerin

18. #18Practice set
    With reference to the common characteristics of Living Organisms, consider the following statements: 1. Not all living organisms need to obtain food for energy. 2. All living organisms respond to external stimuli. mltl 3. All living organisms grow i.e. increase in length throughout their life.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct organisms obtain food in order to carry out life respiration, metabolism, etc to derive energy for like growth, movement, reproduction, etc. can absorb all the food it ingests. Some of it to waste inside the body. This waste product is needs to be eliminated by the living organism in order healthy. This process of expulsion of waste products organisms is called excretion. Both animals and but have different mechanisms for doing 1 is incorrect: Plants do not have a for excretion. So, it is not a complex process. products are removed by plants using structures are performing other example: Carbon dioxide produced during oxygen produced during photosynthesis, excess water through the stomata in the plants often store its waste products in old in barks, or in old leaves which are eventually 2 is correct: Plants often find ways to products through various secretions li

19. #19Practice set
    What is/are the likely in promoting Compressed Bio Gas a transport fuel in India? 1. Unlike Compressed Natural Gas. (CNG), CBG cannot be transported through pipelines. 2. High up-front installation cost of CBG production plants.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (B) 2 only
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct 1 is incorrect. Chemically, CBG is the same - both are compressed methane - and in The difference is that while CNG is a by-product CBG can be produced from any biomass, be residue, cattle dung, sugarcane press mud, waste or effluents from a sewage treatment plant. CBG a commercially viable option as it can be to replace CNG in transportation fuel. Just like too can be transported through cylinders or retail 2 is correct. Financial barriers like high unavailability of long-term financing interest rate and high-risk perception by are identified as the most prominent biogas dissemination. The high capital cost and accrual act as entry barriers for small private Lack of access to long-term financing and rate affects the economic viability of projects

20. #20Practice set
    Consider the following statements with reference to the food chains and concentration of pollutants: 1. Bioaccumulation refers to the pollutant's tendency to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to the next. 2. Biomagnification takes place in a single organism over the span of its life, resulting in a higher concentration of the pollutant.Which of the above-given statements is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (D) Neither 1 nor 2
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct 1 is incorrect: Biomagnification refers to the pollutant's tendency as they move from one trophic level to For biomagnification to occur, pollutants must mobile, soluble in fats, biologically active. the concentration of DDT moves up the food one trophic level to 2 is incorrect: Bioaccumulation occurs when absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater at which the substance is eliminated. This results concentration of pollutant in one single organism

21. #21Practice set
    Consider the following statements about the Dioxins: 1. Dioxins are a type of persistent environmental pollutants (POPs). 2. In human beings, dioxins can cause cancer as well as developmental and reproductive issues. 3. More than of human exposure to dioxins happens through inhalation of the polluted air.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct 1 is correct. Dioxins are a category of pollutants are a group related compounds. Dioxins can be found in all around the world, and they build up in chain, especially in the fatty tissue of of human exposure occurs through food, meat, dairy, fish, and 2 is correct. Dioxins are extremely toxic, can harm the immune system, interfere with reproductive and developmental processes, even cause cancer. Due to the worldwide dioxins, all people have background exposure, which to affect human health. The highly toxic necessitates actions to reduce the 3 is incorrect. Dioxins are found throughout in the environment, and they accumulate in the mainly in the fatty tissue of animals. According more than of human exposure is through meat and dairy products, fish and shellfish. authorities have in place to food supply

22. #22Practice set
    With reference to Indoor Air Pollution, consider the following statements: 1. One of the primary causes of indoor air pollution in rural areas is the use of traditional fuels for cooking and heating. 2. In Urban areas, one of the primary causes of indoor air pollution is the use of synthetic materials for building and furnishing. 3. Indoor air pollution in developing countries is one of the four most critical global environmental problems, as identified by the World Bank in 1992.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct I is correct: Rural people continue to rely fuels such as firewood, charcoal, and cow cooking and heating. The concentration of in households that burn traditional fuels Burning such fuels produces large amounts and other air pollutants in the confined space of resulting in high 2 is correct: In urban areas, indoor air pollution by a variety of factors, including reduced of synthetic materials for building ind furnishing, use of chemical products like household care 3 is correct: Indoor air pollution in is one of the four most critical global as identified by the World Bank in 1992. The critical global environmental problems identified by Bank in 1992 were: Loss of biodiversity, desertification and Global warming and climate change

23. #23Practice set
    Which of the following could lead to creation of e-waste? 1. Electric cookers 2. Circuit boards 3. Solar panels 4. Diabetic testing equipment 5. DefibrillatorSelect the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1, 2, 3 and 4 only
    • B2, 4 and 5 only
    • C2, 3 and 4 only
    • D1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
    Answer: (D) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct is a term used to cover items of all types of electronic equipment (EEE) and its parts that have by the owner as waste without the intention of waste is considered the fastest growing in the developed world. The waste is the result technology that leaves behind old televisions, and other electronic devices that methods of recycling because of toxic A major concern regarding end-of-life is environmental contamination and seepage into chain. List of some common e-waste items: Electric cookers Heaters Laptops Circuit boards Hard Drives Solar Panels Power Distribution Systems (PDU's) Autoclave Defibrillator Smart Watches Heart Monitors Diabetic Testing Equipment

24. #24Practice set
    Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding microplastics? 1. They are non-biodegradable. 2. They are a source of air pollution. 3. India has not banned the use of microplastic yet. 4. Cosmetic manufacturers use microplastic to fight against ageing.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 3 only
    • B1, 2 and 4 only
    • C2 and 3 only
    • D1, 2 and 3 only
    Answer: (D) 1, 2 and 3 only
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct 1 is correct. Microplastics are not once in the environment, microplastics persist, it is found in variety of environment artd fresh water 2 is correct. Microplastics also are a source of occurring in dust and airborne fibrous 3 is correct. Several countries banned the microplastic, India has not banned the On the order given by National Green Tribunal analysis of micro beads in cosmetics, the Bureau of did a study and classified microbead products fit for use' in May 2017. "However, after that there no notification or instruction from the the use of mircrobeads in cosmetics in 4 is incorrect. Microplastics act as for the products, helping in increasing volume of The microbeads used in face wash can cause in the skin letting in the bacteria contributing to and dark spots

25. #25Practice set
    Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the radioactive pollution? 1. Most of wastes produced by nuclear power industry is high level waste. 2. Ionizing radiations have less penetration power as compared to Non-ionizing radiations. 3. Non-ionizing radiations have longer wavelength as compared to Ionizing radiations.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 only
    • B2 and 3 only
    • C3 only
    • D1 and 3 only
    Answer: (C) 3 only
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is incorrect. The amount of waste the nuclear power industry is small relative to activities. of the waste produced is low or intermediate-level waste (LLW or 2 is incorrect. To produce ions in matter level, Ionizing radiations have to maintain This means It has high frequency and low due to high frequency, it has high penetration cause breakage of macromolecules whereas have low frequency and have longer affect only those components which absorb them low 3 is correct. Non-ionizing radiations by the electromagnetic waves at the of the spectrum ranging from near infra-red radio waves (includes higher wavelength ultraviolet whereas Ionizing radiations are short wavelength ultraviolet radiations (UV), X-rays rays and particles produced in electrically charged particles like alpha particles produced in radioactive decay and in nuclear fission

26. #26Practice set
    Consider the following pairs 1.. Black carbon Emitted due to incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. Practicehook 2. Brown Carbon released 'due to combustion of organic matter. 3. Blue carbon Carbon captured by oceans and other coastal ecosystems.How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correctly matched. Black carbon refers to the during incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in coal fired power plants, cars and other equipment. Black the Earth by absorbing heat in the atmosphere reducing albedo, (the ability to reflect sunlight) on snow and 2 is correctly matched. Brown carbon refers to released due to combustion of organic burning (possibly domestic wood burning) is be a major source of brown carbon. 3 is correctly matched. Blue carbon is the term captured by the wodd's ocean and coastal carbon is the carbon stored in coastal and

27. #27Practice set
    Consider the following regarding the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016: 1. Households are not considered as the waste generators under the rules. 2. All the waste generators need to. pay a user fee for solid waste management. 3. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change shall be responsible for overall monitoring of the implementation of these rules.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and has notified the Solid Waste Management 2016. These rules have replaced the Municipal (Management and Handling) Rules, Waste Generators covered under the solid rules are as 1 is incorrect: Every household, Street Vendors, RWAs Market Community having more than area sq.m, restaurants, 2 is correct: All waste generators shall pay for solid waste management, as specified in the the local 3 is correct: The Ministry of Environment, Climate Change shall be responsible for the implementation of these rules in the shall constitute a Central Monitoring Committee Chairmanship of Secretary, This Committee shall meet at least once in a year and review the implementation of these rules. shall be renewed every three years. Important Tips Salient features of Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016

28. #28Practice set
    In this method of waste disposal, a huge pit is made in an open area and the waste including both organic and non-organic waste are dumped into this pit. Once the pits are filled with wastes, they will be covered with soils and left for decomposition. Which of the following methods best reflects this type of waste disposal?
    • AOpen dumping
    • BBioremediation
    • CLandfilling
    • DComposting
    Answer: (C) Landfilling
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct waste properly is essential for building liveable cities and following are some of the methods Landfilling, both organic and non organic dumped into a large pit and at the end of each wastes are covered with a layer of soil and left Important Tips In composting only organic wastes can be dis posed of. Composting is a process by which organic wastes are broken down by microorganisms, generally bacteria and fungi, into simpler forms. In Open dumping, both the organic and non-organic waste is unloaded at any convenient open space. The waste disposed here isn't processed or segregated. It's a breeding place for disease-carrying flies, rodents, and other insects. The people residing nearby may light fire to reduce the amount of waste which causes health hazards to people living nearby. Bioremediation process uses live organisms (usually bacteria) to remove or neutralis

29. #29Practice set
    The Basel Convention aims to regulate the transboundary movement of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. Which of the following items are regulated by this Convention? 1. Plastic wastes 2. Radioactive wastes 3. Electronic wastes 4. Waste Tyres 5. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1, 3, 4 and 5 only
    • B1, 3 and 5 only
    • C3 and 4 only
    • D2, 4 and 5 only
    Answer: (A) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct l is correct: Plastic wastes are added to the list under the Basel convention. In 2019, the the Parties to the Basel Convention adopted a include plastic waste as regulated material by the It made the Basel Convention as the legally binding instrument to specifically 2 is incorrect: Basel convention does not wastes. Although the convention aims the transboundary movement of hazardous does not regulate Radioactive 3 is correct: Electronic wastes (e wastes) under the Basel Convention. Electronic have toxic materials such as mercury, lead or retardants are classified as hazardous waste under 4 is correct: Waste tyres are classified as under the Basel Convention. Tyres is not difficult to eliminate. Also tyre wastes can act as for rodents and breeding sites for mosquitoes that 5 is correct: Persistent Organic Pollutants included in the Basel convention. Pesticides DDT

30. #30Practice set
    Consider the following statements about National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP): 1. It is being implemented by the Central Pollution Control Board. 2. It does not include Carbon dioxide among air pollutants that are monitored under the programme. 3. Wind speed, relative humidity and temperature are also monitored under NAMP.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct. The Central Pollution is executing a nationwide programme of quality monitoring known as National Air Programme 2 is correct. Under. viz (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2, Particulate Matter (RSPM / PMIO) and Matter have been identified for at all 3 is correct. The monitoring of such as wind speed and wind direction, (RH) and temperature are also integrated monitoring of air quality. Important Tips Monitoring of Pollutants: The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours (4-hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and 8-hourly sampling for particulate matter) with a frequency of twice a week, to have one hundred and four (104) observations in a year. The monitoring is being carried out with the help of Central Pollution Control Board; State Pollution Control Boards; Pollution Control Committees; National Environmental Engineering Research Insti

31. #31Practice set
    With reference to the various 'environmental clean-up techniques', consider the following pairs: 1. Rhizofiltration.Plants are used to absorb and precipitate contaminants from polluted aqueous sources in their roots. 2. Phytodegradation Contaminants are taken up into the plant tissues where they are metabolized, or biotransformed. 3. Mycofiltration A form of bioremediation in which a combination of bacteria is used to decontaminate the area.How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct pollution of the environment, particularly that various industrial activities, have been responsible for and inorganic matter in the ecosphere Pair I is matched correctly: Rhizofiltration is defined use of plants, both terrestrial and aquatic; to and precipitate contaminants from sources with low contaminant concentration roots. Rhizofiltration can partially treat agricultural runoff 2 is matched correctly: In are taken up into the plant tissues are metabolized, or biotransformed. Where takes place depends on the type of plant, occur in roots, stem or 3 is matched incorrectly: Mycoremediation is a in which fungi are used to area. The term mycoremediation refers the use of fungal mycelia in bioremediation. The key is determining the right fungal target a specific pollutant. Mycofiltration is a using fungal mycelia to filter toxic waste from water in soil

32. #32Practice set
    Consider the following statements with respect to 'Control of Air Pollution': 1. Arresters are used to separate particulate matter from the contaminated air. 2. The gaseous pollutants can be controlled through the techniques of Combustion and Adsorption. 3. Adding more lead to petrol will help in reducing air pollution.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct l is correct. Arresters are used to matters from contaminated air. Scrubbers to clean air for both dust and gases by passing it dry or wet packing 2 is correct. The gaseous pollutants can through the techniques of Combustion, adsorption. 'fhese.techniques can be in They are effective against the gases as 3 is incorrect. Using lead free petrol wiil help the air pollution

33. #33Practice set
    With reference to the process of 'die back, in plants, which of the following statements is incorrect?
    • AIt is the process of progressive dying from tip of any portion of plant
    • BIt can be caused by a dense overhead canopy
    • CDue to it, both root and shoot dies within few days
    • DThis is triggered as an adaptive mechanism to avoid adverse conditions
    Answer: (D) This is triggered as an adaptive mechanism to avoid adverse conditions
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct (03) is a highly reactive gas composed of three It is both a natural and a man-made product in the Earth's upper atmosphere (the lower atmosphere (the troposphere). Depending it is in the atmosphere, ozone affects life on,Earth or bad 1 is incorrect: Stratospheric ozone is be good ozone. It acts as a protection radiation of Sun. But not all componbits of are. prevented by ozone, UVC and some parts able to reach the is incorrect: Tropospheric ozone is be bad as it is created by chemical reactions of nitrogen and volatile organic hence it is a secondary (aµd not. pollutant). This happens when pollutants cars, power plants, industrial boilers, refineries, arid other sources chemically react in the 3 is correct: Tropospheric ozone is a pollutant. However, it is known to have high potential and i; considered third most gas after carbon dioxide and methane

34. #34Practice set
    Consider the following statements with reference to Global initiatives on Forest conservation: 1. The United Nations Forum on Forests was launched by the United Nations Environment Programme. 2. International Day of Forests (IDF) is celebrated by the United Nations Forum on Forests and the Food and Agriculture Organization. 3. is created by the UNFCCC for enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries.How many of the statements given above correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct 1 is correct: United Nations Convention Desertification (UNCCD) is the sole international agreement linking development to sustainable land management. was the outcome of Rio earth summit 1992. This convention addresses specifically the and dry sub-humid areas, known as the some of the most vulnerable ecosystems and be 2 is incorrect: Land Degradation is defined as the state whereby the amount of land resources, necessary to support and services and enhance food security, or increases within specified temporal and and ecosystems. LDN (SDG 15.3) is a target Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be the nations. In 14th Conference of the Parties UNCCD, the member countries have agreed to Sustainable Development Goal target of achieving neutrality by 2030, a national target for action

35. #35Practice set
    Which of the actions mentioned below can lead to Ocean Acidification? 1. Burning of fossil fuels 34. 2. Deforestation 3. Improper Land ManagementSelect the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 2 only
    • B2 and 3 only
    • C1 and 3 only
    • D1, 2 and 3
    Answer: (D) 1, 2 and 3
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, began burning coal in large quantities, the water has gradually become more the options given are correct reasons for 1 is correct. Burning of fossil fuels such as and gas increases the carbon dioxide in the eventually mixes with ocean water leading to 2 is correct. Deforestation results in fewer trees the gas. Also, when plants are cut down and burnt to rot, the carbon that makes up their organic tissue as carbon 3 is correct. Agriculture may also contribute to of ocean acidity. It may happen especially when that are employed by the farmers are not short, if the land is poorly managed, the water masses hit by the impact of acidifying soil mineral content pollution

36. #36Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding the types of Carbon Sequestration: 1. In Ocean Sequestration, Carbon is stored in oceans through direct injection or fertilization. 2. In Terrestrial carbon sequestration, the carbon is captured by methods of Hydrodynamic Trapping and Solubility Trapping. 3. Soil carbon sequestration is an example of Geologic Carbon Sequestration.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct 1 is correct: Ocean sequestration refers to of capturing and storing carbon dioxide ( in This can be achieved through methods like

37. #37Practice set
    For which of the following purposes the seqµestrated carbon can be used? Dry Ice Production 2. Production of Plastics 3. Making of Concretes 4. Greenhouse photosynthesisChoose the correct answer using given below
    • A1 and 4 only
    • B1, 3 and 4 only
    • C2, 3 and 4 only
    • D1, 2, 3 and 4
    Answer: (C) 2, 3 and 4 only
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct is a Persian word which means the 'King of It is an incredibly light, soft and warm wool the hair of the wild antelope called Chiru, found plateaus of Tibet and eastern Ladakh at an altitude 4,000 metres in the Himalayas. Important Tips Gaddi Sheep is also known as Bhadarwah. It is native to Kishtwar and Bhadarwah tehsils of Jammu and it is widely distributed in Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The wool of this sheep breed is used to manufacture Kullu shawls blankets. Chennai Red Sheep is mainly found various parts of Tamil Nadu. This breed is mainly reared for meat purposes. Mandya Sheep is mostly found in the Mandya district of Karnataka. Mandya sheep are white-coloured small animals. Among other Indian varieties, this sheep breed is known for producing the best meat

38. #38Practice set
    Which of the following pollutants are measured under the National Air Quality Index? 1. PMIO 2. 3. Carbon monoxide 4. Ozone 5. Lead 6. Ammonia 50.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1, 2, 3 and 5 only
    • B1, 3, 4 and 6 only
    • C2, 3, 5 and 6 only
    • D1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
    Answer: (D) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct National Air Quality Index measurement of air based on eight pollutants, namely: Particulate Particulate Matter Nitrogen Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (03), Ammonia (NH3), and Lead has six categories of air quality. These are: Moderately Polluted, Poor, Very Poor has been developed by the CPCB in consultation and an expert group comprising medical professionals. Important Tips National Air Quality Index was launched in 2014 with outline 'One Number - One Color - One Description' for the common man to judge the air quality within his vicinity. It was launched for monitoring the quality of air in major urban centres across the country on a real-time basis and enhancing public awareness for taking mitigative action

39. #39Practice set
    Consider the statements with reference to steps taken by India to combat plastic pollution: 1. India piloted a resolution on "Addressing Single Use Plastic Product Pollution" in the United Nations Environment Assembly. 2. Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2021 prohibits all single use plastic items by 2022. 3. Extended producer responsibility (EPR) is now applicable to both pre-consumer and post-consumer plastic packaging waste.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct 1 is correct. India piloted a resolution Single Use Plastic Product Pollution" adopted by the Fourth United Nations held in 2019. The resolution recognizes the the global community to act on the single use pollution. The adoption of this resolution was 2 is incorrect. In August 2021, the Ministry Forest and Climate Change, Government notified the Plastic Waste Management 2021 prohibiting identified single use plastic have low utility and high littering potential, by only specific single use plastics are banned. import, stocking, distribution, sale and identified single-use plastic, including polystyrene polystyrene, commodities shall be effect from the July 1, Statement 3 is correct. The Ministry of Environment new rules called the Plastic Waste Rules, to the new producer responsibility (EPR) is now both pre-consumer and post-consumer plastic Provisions and target

40. #40Practice set
    With reference to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), consider the following statements: 1. It was created under the joint collaboration of World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2. It prepares Assessment Reports (ARs) on state of earth's climate which are published every year. 3. It conducts detailed and original research before publishing its reports and also monitors climate change.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone llle
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) intergovernmental body of the United Nations advancing knowledge on human-induced climate 1 is correct: It was created in 1988 under collaboration of World Meteorological and the United Nation Environment and later endorsed by United Nations 2 is incorrect: The IPCC's Assessment are not produced every year but occasionally. the most comprehensive and widely accepted of the state of the Earth's 3 is incorrect: It does not conduct nor monitor climate change, but a periodic, systematic review of all literature. Thousands of scientists and volunteer to review the data and compile key ssessment Reports" for policymakers and the

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