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Biology & Human Body — UPSC Prelims Science & Environment previous year questions — page 5

213 solved previous year questions on Biology & Human Body, papers from 1993 to 2023, drawn from UPSC CSE Prelims, UPPCS, UPSC CDS. Each carries the printed answer key and the explanation from the source compilation.

1. #161Practice set
   Which of the following statements correctly describes the term 'zombie viruses'?
   • AIt is a potentially infectious pathogen
   • BIt is a cyber-attack made on the power grid. lllr Practiceb
   • CIt is a weapon of mass destruction allegedly used in Russia-Ukraine war
   • DIt is a recent mutation in SARS Covid-19 virus
   Answer: (A) It is a potentially infectious pathogen
   Explanation

   Option a is the correct answer. a is correct: 'Zombie virus' describes a virus that in ice and therefore dormant. Zombie vituse.s dormant for many years due to being trapped ice and have come to life after the ice melted. have found 13 zombie viruses from the One of the viruses is named as after the mythological character to climate change, permafrost thawing is matter, which also consists of viruses as well microbes. These viruses are potentially hence, pose danger to the human health

2. #162Practice set
   Consider the following statements regarding 'Somatic cell nuclear transfer': 1. It involves transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an egg which has had its nucleus removed. 2. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer technique is currently the basis for cloning animals like sheep. 3. This method can be used to generate tissues or even organs for transplant into the specific patient. 4. Scientists have not yet managed to clone a primate.How many of the above statements are correct?
   • AOnly one
   • BOnly two
   • COnly three
   • DAll four
   Answer: (C) Only three
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct I is correct. Somatic cell nuclear transfer the nucleus of a cell, which includes its an egg which has had its nucleus 2 is correct. Somatic Cell Nuclear is currently the basis for cloning animals the famous Dolly the sheep), and has been as a possible way to clone 3 is correct. The application of Somatic Transfer research to generate tissues or even transplant into the specific patient. The resulting be genetically identical to the somatic cell donor, any complications from immune system 4 is incorrect. In 2018, Chinese Scientists to clone two identical long-tailed macaques, primates to have undergone cloning. This brings one step closer. Important Tips Process of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: A somatic cell is isolated and extracted from an adult female. Then the nucleus and all of its DNA from an egg cell is removed. After that the nucleus from the somatic cel

3. #163Practice set
   With reference to Lab Grown/ cultured meat, consider the following statements: 1. The cellular structure of meat is same as natural meat. 2. It can be made by using animal's stem cells. 3. Texture and nutrient profile of cultured meat is low compared to natural meat. 4. Unlike natural meat, cultured meat doesn't require antibiotic treatment.How many of the above statements are correct?
   • AOnly one
   • BOnly two
   • COnly three
   • DAll four
   Answer: (C) Only three
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct I is correct. In terms of cellular structure, cultivated meat is the same as conventional meat cultured meat does not come directly from 2 is correct. Scientists use the animal's stem create meat. Stem cells are the building blocks of tissues. By feeding the stem cells with amino acids the muscle cells will be multiplied and the 3 is incorrect. Once artificialy meat is created, actual meat in terms of appearance, texture, 4 is correct. Cultured meat does not unlike animals raised for meat. Thus, it threat of antibiotic resistance posed to public health

4. #164Practice set
   A person who is bom with a hereditary disease, undergoes correction of a gene defect that is causing the disease. Here, genes are inserted into a person's cells and tissues to treat a disease. Correction of a genetic defect: involves delivery of a normal gene into the individual to take ove.r the function of and compensate fo.r the non-functional gene. Which of the following terms best describes the above-mentioned process?
   • ADiagnosis
   • BGene Therapy
   • CActive Immunity
   • DCrossbreeding
   Answer: (B) Gene Therapy
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct Therapy: It is the insertion of genes into an and tissues to treat diseases especially It does so by replacing a defective mutant a functional one or gene targeting which involves Important Tips Molecular Diagnosis: It is the use of molecular biology for early detection of diseases (at a time when the symptoms of the disease are not yet visible). Here, very low concentration of a bacterial or viral disease causing agent can be detected by amplification of their nucleic acid using techniques like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay Active immunity: A type of acquired immunity whereby resistance to a disease is built up by either having the disease or receiving a vaccine against it. Crossbreeding: Interbreeding to breed (animals or plants) using parents of different races, varieties, breeds, etc

5. #165Practice set
   With reference to mRNA Vacdne, consider the following statements: 1. It uses the genetic sequence of a portion of the virus rather than an actual virus. 2. They can be made in large quantities and in lesser time than traditional vaccines.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
   • A1 only
   • B2 only
   • CBoth 1 and 2
   • DNeither 1 nor 2
   Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct 1 is correct. An m- RNA or simply "RNA the genetic sequence of a portion of the virus an actual virus that is used in traditional vaccine) be injected into the body. Once taken in by the it makes an antigen to which the immunity antibodies. In this way, the adverse can result from the traditional approach of actual virus can be 2 is correct. One of the advantages of is that they can be made in large quantities and in time than traditional vaccines

6. #166Practice set
   With the presence of which of the following bacterium in the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, its ability to transmit viruses like dengue, Zika, and chikungunya is reduced?
   • AMollicutes
   • BSpiro plasma
   • CWolbachia
   • DNone of the above
   Answer: (C) Wolbachia
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct Aedes aegypti mosquitoes carry natural bacteria they reduce the mosquitoes' ability to like dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow study has suggested that the "Wolbachia method" used to significantly reduce the spread of dengue. involves introducing Wolbachia into populations aegypti. Wolbachia are safe, natural bacteria up to of insect species including some are safe for humans, animals and the environment

7. #167Practice set
   In the context of developmental biology, which of the following statements regarding the 'Organoid' is/are correct? 1. It is a three-dimensional miniature structure that replicates a human organ. 2. It can be created using the stem cells. 3. It can achieve the functional maturity similar to a human organ.How many of the above statements are correct?
   • AOnly one
   • BOnly two
   • CAll three
   • DNone
   Answer: (B) Only two
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct 1 is correct. Organoids are a group of cells laboratories into three-dimensional, miniature mimic the cell arrangement of a fully-grown are organ-like-structures that aim to 2 is correct. Organoids are grown in the lab cells that can become any of the specialised cells the human body, or stem cells taken from the organ cells that have been induced to behave like stem called induced pluripotent stem cells cells are provided with nutrients and other to grow and become cells resembling a 3 is incorrect. Although Organoids are the size of a pea) structures that replicate but they cannot achieve all the functional human organs and often resemble the early stages of tissue. Most organoids contain only a subset the cells seen in a real organ, but lack blood vessels them fully functional

8. #168Practice set
   Which of the following would be the most likely consequence/consequences, if an edible oil contains industrial trans-fat? 1. There would be an increased risk of damage to the cardiovascular health of the consumers. 2. FSSAI will not allow the said edible oil to be sold in the market. 3. The shelf life of the edible oil would drastically reduce.How many of the above statements are correct?
   • AOnly one
   • BOnly two
   • CAllthree
   • DNone
   Answer: (A) Only one
   Explanation

   Option a is the correct 1 is correct. Trans-fats are associated risk of heart attacks and death from disease. As per the World Health Organisation 5.4 lakh deaths take place each year of intake of industrially produced trans fatty WHO has also called for global elimination of 2 is incorrect. The Food Safety and of India (FSSAI) has capped the amount of acids (TFA) in oils and fats to from 2022 through to the Food Safety and Standards Restriction on Sales) Regulations. The applies to edible refined oils, vanaspati oils), margarine, bakery shortenings, mediums of cooking such as vegetable fat spreads fat 3 is incorrect. Industrial trans-fats are adding hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make which increases their stability at room extends shelf life. Trans-fats are unsaturated fats been partially saturated with hydrogen to extend life

9. #169Practice set
   Consider the following statements: Assertion (A): Organ transplant fails if the donor organ does not match the recipient's blood. Reason The immune system identifies foreign cells and attack them. Which of the options given below is correct based on the above given statements?
   • ABoth A and Rare true and R is the correct explanation of A
   • BBoth A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
   • CA is true but R is false
   • DA is false but R is true
   Answer: (A) Both A and Rare true and R is the correct explanation of A
   Explanation

   Option a is the correct is correct: Organ transplant fails if the does not match the recipient's blood and organs cannot be transplanted from any given matching, blood group matching is essential any transplant, otherwise the grafts would sooner or is correct and also explains Assertion: of tissues and blood for transplanting the will distinguish between self and non-self-cells. way immune system is able to identify cells belonging body and foreign cells that need to be attacked

10. #170Practice set
    With reference to Vacdnation which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. Passive immunization is a process in which individuals could receive antibodies directly from another source. 2. Preformed antibodies are derived from the blood serum of previously infected people or animals.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct typically need time (weeks or months) to immunity in an individual and may doses over a certain period of time to protection. Passive immunization, however, has in that it is quick acting, producing an within hours or days, faster than a 1 is correct: Passive immunization, or is a process in which individuals from another source rather than producing those antibodies on their own. Passive immunization also works quickly, providing protection within hours or days. Statement 2 is correct: Preformed antibodies, are derived from the blood serum of previously infected people or animals, are often administered in an antiserum to another person in order to provide immediate, passive immunization against fast-acting toxins or microbes, such as those in snakebites or tetanus infections. 129. Solution: (a) Exp) Option a is the correct answer. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (H

11. #171Practice set
    With reference to the cloning, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. Cloning technique can be used to produce offspring that are genetically similar to their donor parent. 2. Single-celled organisms like bacteria make exact copies of themselves each time they reproduce. 3. Cloning technique can bring back extinct species.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 only
    • B2 and 3 only
    • C2 only
    • D1, 2 and 3
    Answer: (D) 1, 2 and 3
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct 1 is correct. Cloning techniques are the used to produce offspring that are to the donor parent. Clones of adult animals are a method called somatic cell atomic 2 is correct. Some clones already exist in organisms like bacteria make exact copies each time they reproduce. In humans, are similar to clones. They share almost the genes. Identical twins are created when a fertilized in 3 is correct. Cloning eventually could bring species such as the passenger pigeon. For now, holds promise for helping endangered a Mongolian wild horse that was cloned and a Texas facility

12. #172Practice set
    Which of the following statements given below correctly describes 'Transcription'?
    • AIt is the process of copying genetic information from one strand of DNA to RNA
    • BIt is the process of breaking a segment of a chromosome and reattaching itself with another chromosome with mutual exchange
    • CIt is the process of copying genetic information from RNA to a single stranded DNA
    • DIt is the process of breaking a segment of a chromosome and attaching with another chromosome without mutual exchange. It
    Answer: (A) It is the process of copying genetic information from one strand of DNA to RNA
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct every organism there is unidirectional flow of DNA to proteins which involves two steps, and translation which is called central is the process in which the genetic transferred from DNA to RNA. The process of complementary RNA polynucleotide chain Important Tips When a segment of a chromosome breaks away and reattaches itself with another chromosome is called translocation. When there is a mutual exchange of segments between two chromosomes, it is called as reciprocal translocation. The process in which the information present in genetic RNA is transferred to a complementary DNA strand which is then converted into double stranded DNA is called reverse transcription. If a segment of a chromosome breaks away and attaches with another chromosome, without mutual exchange, it is called Robertsonian translocation, which may result in decrease of chromosome number of the

13. #173Practice set
    With reference to a birth control measure called as contraceptive pills method, which of the following statement is incorrect?
    • AEmergency contraceptive pills do not induce an abortion
    • BThe copper-bearing IUD is the most commonly used contraceptive pill
    • CIt prevents the mature eggs being released from the ovary
    • DIt does not protect the person from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
    Answer: (B) The copper-bearing IUD is the most commonly used contraceptive pill
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct Control is a way to prevent pregnancy. The is a type of contraception that contains hormones pregnancy. Option 1 is correct. Contraceptive pills are small doses of either progestogens or progestogen- Oestrogen combinations which are orally administered. Emergency contraceptive pills prevent pregnancy by preventing or delaying ovulation and they do not induce an abortion. Option 2 is incorrect. The copper-bearing intrauterine device (IUD) is a small, flexible plastic frame with copper sleeves or wire around it. It is different from the contraceptive pill. A specifically trained health care provider inserts it into a woman's uterus through her vagina and cervix. Option 3 is correct. Pills usually inhibit ovulation,. which is a process of release of eggs from ovary, and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/ retard entry of sperms. Pi

14. #174Practice set
    With reference to the GMO (genetically modified organism) crops, consider the followi.vg statements: 1. The permissible limit for genetically modified organisms (GMO) in imported food crops is set by Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. 2. Cotton is the only GM crop allowed to be imported to In.dia. 3. A transgenic organism is one that has been altered through recombinant DNA technology. 4. Use of the unapproved GM variant is punishable under the Environmental Protection Act, 1986.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • COnly three
    • DAll four i'J'F
    Answer: (C) Only three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct. The permissible limit for organisms (GMO) in imported food crops is set Safety and Standards Authority of Indi.a. FSSAI order in February 2021 setting the permissible limit modified organisms (GMO) in imported at 2 is incorrect. India allows the import of and canola oil. The only crops approved is (bt) 3 is correct. A transgenic organism is one been altered through recombinant DNA involves either the combining of DNA from or the insertion of foreign DNA into a 4 is correct. Use of the unapproved GM attract a jail term of 5 years and fine of Rs. 1 lakh Environmental Protection Act, Practicebo.ok Important Tips The task of regulating GMO levels in imported was. initially with the Genetic Committee (GEAC) under ministry. Their role was diluted with the enactment of the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 and to take over approvals of imported goods

15. #175Practice set
    With reference to the practice of tissue culture, consider the following 1. Tissue culture allows the regeneration of plant from different parts of a plant except the root. 2. Plants produced through this method are identical to the original plant. 3. Tissue culture allows the recovery of healthy plant from diseased plant.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct culture is the process of producing plants from the desired plant in an artificial nutrient medium 1 is incorrect. Explant is the part of a plant got the regeneration potential and is capable to give the whole Explants regenerate shoots and roots. There are of explants frequently used for regeneration segments, apical meristems, roots, cotyledons, disc, leaf blade, pedicle, petiole, anther, ovary 2 is correct. Plants produced through this genetically identical to original plant. The methods of tissue culture leads to the propagation of number of plants in very short durations. Each of will be genetically identical to the original plant they were grown, i.e., they are 3 is correct. With the application of the method, the healthy plants can also be the diseased plants. For example, even if the plant with a virus, the meristem (apical and axillary) of virus. Hence, o

16. #176Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding fuel cells. 1. To produce electricity efficiently, fuel cells utilize the chemical energy of the fuels. 2. Since there are no carbon dioxide emissions from hydrogen fuel cells, they can address some climate challenges.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct. A fuel cell generates and effectively by utilising the chemical energy or other fuels. Electricity, water, and heat are byproducts if hydrogen is the fuel. In terms of the potential applications, fuel cells are unique and can run variety of fuels and feedstocks and can power devices as utility power stations and as small as laptop 2 is correct. Due to the fact that hydrogen fuel only water and no carbon dioxide, they can significant climate change concerns. traditional combustion-based technologies, which used in many power plants and vehicles, fuel a number of advantages. In contrast to engines, fuel cells run more efficiently and of directly converting the chemical energy in electrical energy at efficiencies of more than

17. #177Practice set
    'Global Energy demand is set to increase between by 2040. It is believed world over there is need to decarbonize the planet and need to be driven by dean energies like Green Hydrogen.' In the context of the above paragraph which of the statement given below correctly defines "Green Hydrogen"?
    • AHydrogen stored in fossil fuels
    • BHydrogen generated from carbon capture
    • CHydrogen generated from totally renewable resources
    • DHydrogen that is produced biologically. umllli 16 wiµd in. consfder following statewents
    Answer: (C) Hydrogen generated from totally renewable resources
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct generated entirely from renewable power called green hydrogen. In the process, electricity renewable energy is used to split water into oxygen. Tips Hydrogen produced from fossil fuels is called grey this constitutes the bulk of the hydrogen produced today. Hydrogen generated from fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage options is called blue hydrogen. Biohydrogen is the hydrogen that is produced biologically. One of the ways is through use of microorganisms like production of Hydrogen by algae as algae produce hydrogen under certain conditions

18. #178Practice set
    In recent times, hydrogen has been increasingly mooted as an alternate source of energy. What is/are the advantage/ advantages of using hydrogen as fuel? L Hydrogen can be generated from renewable energy resources. L As a fuel, it is more efficient than petrol. 3. The process of extracting hydrogen is highly energy efficient. 4. Use of hydrogen can lead to zero vehicular emissions.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1, 2 and 4 only
    • B1 and 4 only
    • C2 and 4 only
    • D1, 2, 3 and 4
    Answer: (A) 1, 2 and 4 only
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct finance minister in the Union budget for announced the National Hydrogen aims for generation of hydrogen from green 1 is correct. Depending on the nature of of its extraction, hydrogen is categorised into namely, grey, blue and green. Hydrogen fossil fuels is called grey hydrogen; this constitutes of the hydrogen produced today. Hydrogen fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage options blue hydrogen; hydrogen generated entirely power sources is called green hydrogen. In process, electricity generated from renewable used to split water into hydrogen and 2 is correct. Hydrogen is two-three times than burning petrol. The energy in 1 kilogram gas is about the same as the energy in 2.8 3 is incorrect. Although hydrogen is a the process of extracting it is instance, to extract hydrogen from water electrolysis be performed which itself uses electricity. Electrolysis

19. #179Practice set
    With reference to Large Hadron Collider (LHC), consider the following statements: 1. It is built to study particles that are the smallest known building blocks of all things. 2. Liquid Argon is used in Large Hadron Collider to keep its components cool. 3. ATLAS is the largest general purpose particle detector experiment at the LHC.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct 1 is correct: The Large Hadron Collider is complex machine built to study particles that are known building blocks of all things. It was European Organization for Nuclear Research 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over from hundreds of universities and laboratories. It world's largest and most powerful particle 2 is incorrect: The LHC uses a distribution liquid helium to keep its critical components ultracold 271.3 degrees Celsius, which is colder than Since the LHC's powerful electromagnets carry much current as a bolt of lightning, they must be 3 is correct: ATLAS is the largest general purpose particle detector experiment at the LHC. one of two general-purpose detectors at the Large (LHC). It investigates a wide range of physics; search for the Higgs boson to extra dimensions that could make up dark matter

20. #180Practice set
    With reference to the Hyperloop Technology, consider the following statements: 1. The Hyperloop is a highly rapid means of mass transit that can move people as well as cargo. 2. It operates on the principle of shooting passenger pods or compartments through an airtight tube that is partially vacuumed 3. The propulsion is done through magnetic levitation, with the air capsules or pods gliding or levitating over the tracks.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct. A new, extremely quick means transit called hyperloop can move passengers via a pod in a vacuum. Inside a vacuum tube, a people moves at more than 1200 2 is correct. It functions on the principle passenger pods or compartments through an that is partially vacuumed. Regenerative braking, and wind power are some of the renewable 3 is correct. The propulsion is done levitation, with the air capsules or pods levitating over the tracks. The train travels along magnetic rails, which can control the vehicle's speed

21. #181Practice set
    Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding to the Geo-fencing? 1. It is a location-based service. 2. It is widely used for open sea navigation. 3. It can be used to draw virtual zones around work areas.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 3 only
    • B2 and 3 only
    • C1 only
    • D1, 2 and 3
    Answer: (D) 1, 2 and 3
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct 1 is correct. Geo-fencing is a in which an app or other software uses GPS, or cellular data to trigger a pre-programmed a mobile device or RFID tag enters or exits a set up around a geographical location, known 2 is correct. Geo-fencing can be utilised purpose. It is used to trigger actions when or device encounters a pre-set virtual on how a geofence is configured it can push notifications, trigger text messages or targeted advertisements on social media, allow vehicle fleets, disable certain technology or marketing data. But it is not used in open 3 is correct. A geofence is most within the code of a mobile application, users need to opt-in to location services for to work. Geofencing can be helpful with companies to draw virtual zones around sites, and secure areas. They can be triggered by a vehicle person and send alerts or warnings to the operator

22. #182Practice set
    Which of the following applications is/are based on geofencing? 1. Quarantine alert t 2. Location tracking 3. Assets monitoring 4. Social media ads 5. Maintaining SecuritySelect the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 2 only
    • B1, 2 and 5 only
    • C2, 3, 4 and 5 only
    • D1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
    Answer: (D) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct is a location-based service in which an app software uses GPS, RFID, Wi-Fi or cellular data a pre-programmed action when a mobile device tag enters or exits a virtual boundary set up around location, known as a can prompt mobile push notifications, trigger or alerts, send targeted advertisements on allow tracking on vehicle fleets, help in disable certain technology or deliver location based marketing data depending on how a geofence Recently, it has been used by the COVID-19 Quarantine Alert System (CQAS) to track person has jumped quarantine or escaped from isolation

23. #183Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding threats to the coral reefs: 1. Increasing levels of the 'aragonite' mineral in the sea, slows down the coral growth. 2. Ocean warming is responsible for coral bleaching. 3. Chemicals like oxybenzone damages coral DNA. 4. Using 'mineral accretion technology' results in permanent damage to coral reefs.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • COnly three
    • DAll four
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct reefs are massive structures made of by coral polyps. Often referred to as of the sea", coral reefs support approximately of all known marine species. Due to various anthropogenic reasons, they are facing severe threats. Statement 1 is incorrect: Aragonite is an which corals need to build their carbon dioxide in sea water makes water and decreases the availability of aragonite. Lack slows down coral growth and results in less weaker structures that are prone to erosion and per World Resources (WRI), levels have consistently decreased in the and this trend is projected to under current CO2 2 is correct: Increasing Ocean breakdown in the symbiotic relationship and the zooxanthallae algae. The corals, due expel zooxanthallae, lose their color and This phenomenon is known as coral bleaching. ocean temperatures result in coral 3 is correct: Oxybenzone is often used in

24. #184Practice set
    Vultures which used to be very common in Indian countryside some years ago are rarely seen nowadays. This is attributed to
    • AThe destruction of their nesting sites by new invasive species
    • BA drug used by cattle owners for treating their diseased cattle
    • CScarcity of food available to them
    • DA widespread, persistent and fatal disease among them
    Answer: (B) A drug used by cattle owners for treating their diseased cattle
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct are on the verge of extinction in India because drug being used illegally to treat suffering an anti-inflammatory drug used by farmers pain in cattle, is deadly to endangered birds eat the remains of the drugged suffer kidney failure and visceral gout, which is

25. #185Practice set
    With reference to Bioremediation, consider the following statements: 1. Landfarming is an example of the ex-situ type of bioremediation. 2. Bioventing and Bio Sparging are examples of in-situ bioremediation techniques. 3. In general, ex-situ bioremediation techniques are costlier than the in-situ bioremediation techniques.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct. Ex-Situ bioremediation the removal or excavation of contaminated soil ground. Landfarming is a simple technique in soil is excavated and spread over a and periodically tilled until pollutants are 2 is correct. Bioventing is the most common treatment and involves supplying air and wells to contaminated soil to stimulate bacteria. Bio sparging is also an example bioremediation technique that involves injecting pressure below the water table to increase concentrations and enhance the rate of of contaminants by naturally occurring 3 is correct: Ex-situ bioremediation to be more costly due to excavation and polluted sites. In contrast, in-situ techniques have cost for excavation; however, it also involves the on-site installation of equipment but generally this cost than ex-situ. Important Tips Compost

26. #186Practice set
    With reference to the phytoplankton, consider the following statements: 1. Phytoplankton are microscopic plant organisms that live only in freshwater environments. 2. All phytoplankton are single-celled l I plants. 3. They are limited to the uppermost layers of the ocean.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct 1 is incorrect. Phytoplankton are organisms that live in aquatic environments, both 2 is incorrect. Some phytoplankton are are protists, and most are single-celled 3 is. correct. are limited uppermost layers of the ocean where light sufficient for photosynthesis to take place. rate varies with light intensity

27. #187Practice set
    Which of the following is/ are the Artificial Methods of Forest Regeneration? 1. Clear Felling System of seedling growth 2. Manual selection and sowing' of seeds 3. Manual selection and planting tree saplings 4. Coppke generationSelect the correct option using the. code given below
    • A1 and 2 only
    • B2 and 3 only
    • C3 and 4 only
    • D1 and 4 only
    Answer: (B) 2 and 3 only
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct 1 is incorrect: Clear Felling System of is the natural methods of forest regeneration. In System, regeneration is allowed to happen area from where the mature standing crop was cut in a single 2 is correct: Direct Sowing of seeds of selected in the area where regeneration is to is an artificial method of forest 3 is correct: Manual selecti.on and Planting of seedlings or plants of chosen tree species area to be regenerated after they have successfully critical phase of germination and initial planting stock is generally raised in a nursery. It is method of forest 4 is incorrect: Coppice regeneration is method of Forest Regeneration. In this than using the natural seed formation, selection there is natural growth of new shoots the base of seedlings that had been pruned/ stumps of trees and vegetation that has been (though not fully removed by roots). In the Natural

28. #188Practice set
    Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between
    • APlants and fungi
    • BFungi and bacteria
    • CLegumes and rhizobia
    • DAlgae and bacteria
    Answer: (A) Plants and fungi
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between plants mycorrhiza association, the fungus invades the root nutrients and form a type of mutualistic rely on mycorrhizal fungi for mineral nutrients and in return the fungus receives by the plant. Mycorrhizae play important roles nutrition, soil biology, and soil chemistry

29. #189Practice set
    With respect to various medicinal plants and the diseases they are used to treat, consider the following pairs: 1. Indian Snakeroot Anti-hypertensive 2. Cinchona Treating malaria 3. Himalayan Yew Anti-cancer 4. Indian Pitcher Plant Night blindnessHow many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • COnly three
    • DAll four
    Answer: (D) All four
    Explanation

    Option dis the correct has a rich repository of wild and domestic a range of medicinal uses that have been in Ayurvedic and Unani medicines to range of diseases by the locals. Many of these the biodiversity hotspot of Himalayan region. collection by modern pharma companies in their 1 is correct: Indian Snakeroot can be used to 2 is correct: The Cinchona has been used in of 3 is correct: Recently pharmaceutical research that a derivative of Himalayan Yew, named be potentially used in anti-cancer 4 is correct: The.fluid of unopened Indian are used by Khasi and Garo tribes as eye drops cataract and night blindness, and in treating diabetes and gynaecological problems. Important Medicinal scientific name of Indian Snakeroot (also Sarpagandha) is Rauvolfia Serpentina. It has harvested and used as an blood pressure) and as a mild sedative, It used in Ayurveda to treat asthma and is a criticall

30. #190Practice set
    With reference to the United in Science Report 2020, which of the statements given below is/are correct? 1. It was compiled by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 2. It is primarily concerned with new technologies in weather forecasting.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (A) 1 only
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct 1 is correct. The United in Science Report a multi-agency report from leading science report has been compiled by the World (WMO) under the direction of the Secretary-General. The report also got inputs Global Carbon Project, the Intergovernmental Panel Change, the Intergovernmental of UNESCO, the UN Environment the UK Met 2 is incorrect. The United in Science the increasing and irreversible impacts of which affects glaciers, oceans, nature, living conditions. The United in Science 2020 second in a series, presents the very latest and findings related to climate change to inform and action

31. #191Full-length test
    Which of the following statements about cell potency is correct?
    • APluripotency is restricted only to the early cells of fertilized eggs
    • BToti potent cells formed during sexual and asexual reproduction are spores and zygotes respectively
    • CA totipotent cell has potential to be differentiated into any type of cell
    • DPluripotent cells can develop into a placenta
    Answer: (C) A totipotent cell has potential to be differentiated into any type of cell
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct a is incorrect. It is totipotency which is to the early cells of fertilized eggs (and not b is incorrect. It is correct that totipotent formed during sexual and asexual reproduction, are a product of sexual reproduction are result of asexual c is correct. Single totipotent cell has the develop into an embryo with all the specialized cells up a living being, as well as into the placental necessary for foetal development. Thus, cell is a self-contained entity that can give rise whole dis incorrect. Pluripotency is the ability of a cell into the three primary germ cell layers of the and therefore into all cells of the adult body, but tissues such as the placenta

32. #192Full-length test
    With reference to 'Generative Pre-trained Transformers', consider the following statements: 1. It is a type of computer program that generates text that looks like it was written by a human. 2. is a type of generative artificial intelligence chatbot based on the model of Generative Pre-trained Transformers.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct: Generative Pre-trained an autoregressive language ( computer program text by predicting the next word in a the previous words) model that uses deep learning human-like 2 is correct: is a type of intelligence chatbot based on the model Pre-trained Transformers. It is built on a model (LLM - a type of deep neural network billions of parameters and is trained with petabytes called GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3)

33. #193Full-length test
    Consider the following statements about mRNA vaccines: 1. These vaccines make use of mRNA which recreate the spike proteins of the coronavirus. 2. It is an RNA version of the gene that helps in the formation of proteins. 3. They do not contain the dead or inactivated viruses. 4. They do not affect or interact with our DNA.How many of the above given statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • COnly three
    • DAll the four - i { }
    Answer: (D) All the four - i { }
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct 1 is correct. The mRNA vaccines make use messenger RNA molecules that tell the body's cells to build. The mRNA, in this case, is coded to cells to recreate the spike protein of the which causes Covid-19. It is the spike which appears as spikes on the surface of the that initiates the process of infection; it allows the cells, after which it goes on to 2 is correct. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is RNA (Ribo Nucleic Acid) molecule complementary to one of the DNA strands of a mRNA is an RNA version of the gene that leaves nudeus and moves to the cytoplasm where made. During protein synthesis, an organelle called moves along the mRNA, reads its base uses the genetic code to translate each three-base codon, into its corresponding amino I i { 3 is correct. The vaccines do the dead or inactivated virus. The covaxin based on this type of technology which used inactive 4 is correc

34. #194Full-length test
    With reference to application of DNA technology. which of the following are correct? It can be used" 1. for analyzing seed purity in the drug delivery system for improving yield and profitability of crops in the creation of transgenic animals Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 3 only
    • B1, 2 and 4 only
    • C2, 3 and 4 only
    • D1, 2, 3 and 4
    Answer: (D) 1, 2, 3 and 4
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct l is correct. Plant cultivor's identification purity test were mainly based on phenotypic changing cropping pattern lead to confusion varietal names and their local names. DNA has high specificity, selectivity, simplicity, genetic stability can reflects the differences in without environmental impacts, and thus has in seed purity 2 is correct. Drug delivery systems in are based on bacterial or viral hosts could Use of the soil bacterium as a vehicle for gene transfer is very technology can significantly improve the 3 is correct. DNA technology is used to crops which improves crop resistance to certain herbicides and delaying ripening. This helps yield and 4 is correct. Transgenic animals in DNA technology in their mechanism for creating one can be described in

35. #195Full-length test
    "It is an Influenza A virus, which causes the infectious disease known as flu. It caused the 1968 flu pandemic that led to the death of around one million people globally. This virus usually preys on individuals below the age of 15 years or above 50 years of age:' Which of the following options best describes the virus discussed in the above paragraph?
    • Avirus
    • BHepatitis virus
    • CHINI virus
    • DNipah virus
    Answer: (A) virus
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct a is correct: Influenza viruses, which cause disease known as flu, are of four different C and D. Influenza A is further classified subtypes and one of them is 1968 flu pandemic that led to the death of around people globally and about 100,000 in the US. include cough, fever, body ache and throat, a runny or stuffy nose and extreme vomiting and diarrhea have been seen in very As per Indian Medical Association (IMA) this preys on individuals below the age of 15 years 50 years of age. Important Tips There are four types of influenza viruses: types A, C and D

36. #196Full-length test
    Which of the following statements is incorrect, with respect to disease ca using microorganisms?
    • AInfection is the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microbes in an individual
    • BBoth protozoa and worms are treated as parasites
    • CA virus cannot replicate outside the host cell
    • DFor a long-term survival a pathogen must rapidly kill every host it infects
    Answer: (D) For a long-term survival a pathogen must rapidly kill every host it infects
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct a is correct. An infection is the invasion of pathogenic microbes in an individual Disease is when the infection causes the individual's vital functions or systems. An not always result in b is correct. The agents that cause disease fall groups: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and Protozoa and worms are usually as parasites and are the subject of the discipline c is correct. Viruses cannot reproduce outside because they do not have the metabolic their own. Viruses do not have cytoplasm and for d is incorrect. Rapidly killing every host it no better for the long-term survival of a pathogen wiped out by the immune response before it has to infect another individual

37. #197Full-length test
    With reference to 'Nucleic Acid Vaccines', consider the following statements:{ } 1. These vaccines use genetic material from a disease-causing pathogen to stimulate the body's immune system. 2. It induces both humoral and cellular immunity in the human body. 3. There is risk of infection due to presence of live components of the pathogens in these vaccines.How many of the above given statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct I is correct: Nucleic acid vaccines work a small piece of the virus or material into cells of the body, which then protein that stimulates an immune response against or 2 is correct: Nucleic acid vaccines can antibody-mediated (humoral) and immune responses. This is because they antigenic of the pathogen, which is the immune system in its natural conformation, types of immune response. The induction of both immunity can provide a more comprehensive and long lasting immune 3 is incorrect: These vaccines do not contain of the pathogen, as they only contain a of the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that codes for antigen of the pathogen. No live components, so of the vaccine triggering disease Important Tips Advantages Nucleic Acid Vaccines compared t traditional vaccines

38. #198Full-length test
    Which of the following is a limitation/ drawback of Plant tissue culture?
    • AThis technique cannot address the problem of virus infection in plants { }
    • BThis technique cannot produce the exact copies of plants
    • CPlants propagated by this technique may die due to reduced rate of cell division of plants
    • DThis technique cannot produce plants from seeds with very low germination rates
    Answer: (C) Plants propagated by this technique may die due to reduced rate of cell division of plants
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct answer. { tissue culture is a collection of techniques in of tissue from the plants are transferred to environment in which they can continue to a is incorrect: Plant tissue culture enables of plant viruses and the propagation of materials. Meristem culture (a type of tissue culture) widely used method for virus eradication from b is incorrect: Plant tissue culture can exact copies of plants. Plant tissue culture is to produce clones of a plant in a method known c is correct: The woody plants and some contain phenolic compounds in their cells and compounds help plants to fight pests, to against UV rays etc. However, the oxidation in tissue culture harms the growth of tissues media and leads to browning of tissues and the It reduces the rate of cell division and explant regeneration that eventually leads to the death subjected to tissue d is incorrect: Plant tissue

39. #199Full-length test
    In the context of 5th Generation telecom services, which of the following statement is correct regarding the term 'network slicing'?
    • AIt refers to the bands ofradio frequencies allocated to different telecom companies
    • BIt refers to sending multiple data signals over the same frequency through multiple antennas in the phones
    • CIt refers to reserving small parts of spectra for specific kinds of devices depending on their connection needs
    • DIt refers to the binding together of different bands of SG frequencies to ensure faster speeds
    Answer: (C) It refers to reserving small parts of spectra for specific kinds of devices depending on their connection needs
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct has recently launched 5th Generation (SG) SG is known for its features like increased latency and energy small parts of certain spectra are reserved for of devices depending on their connection needs, it network slicing. For example, a same cellular give a lower band and slower connection to a meter, while also offering higher power and to an autonomous car. Network slicing may preferential or differential treatment to a select set in terms of cost or speed. To this extent, it is as against the net neutrality principles which permit such experiences. Important Tips Important terms related to SG Latency refers to the delay between a request for data transfer and when the data transfer begins. MIMO stands for "multiple input, multiple output." MIMO refers to when phones have multiple antennas that allow them to simultaneously send multiple data signals over the same

40. #200Full-length test
    In the Northern Hemisphere the longest day of the year falls during the second half of the month of June, because
    • Athe Earth rotates slower than normal at its axis during the summers
    • Bthe distance between the Sun and the Earth is closest during this time
    • Cthe Earth revolves slower than normal around the sun during the summers
    • Dthe North Pole during this time points more directly towards the sun than at any other time during the year
    Answer: (D) the North Pole during this time points more directly towards the sun than at any other time during the year
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct maximum amount of sunlight received by the or the longest day of year for those living the Equator I.e., in Northern Hemisphere is generally 21 or 22. In technical terms, this day is referred to summer solstice, the longest day of the summer the summer solstice, the Earth's axis - the planet spins, completing one turn each day - in a way that the North Pole is tipped towards and the South Pole is away from the summer solstice, as NASA puts it, is in time when the North Pole points more the sun than at any other time during the year. Important Tips Effects of Earths axial tilt

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