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Biology & Human Body — UPSC Prelims Science & Environment previous year questions — page 4

213 solved previous year questions on Biology & Human Body, papers from 1993 to 2023, drawn from UPSC CSE Prelims, UPPCS, UPSC CDS. Each carries the printed answer key and the explanation from the source compilation.

1. #121UPPCS 2013
   Among the biotic components of the ecosystem, the producer system is
   • ACow
   • BPeacock
   • CTiger
   • DGreen Plants
   Answer: (C) Tiger
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct terms Petya and are related that exploit a vulnerability in the operating system. is a ransomware virus that locks user's devices and prevents them from accessing data and software until a certain ransom is paid to its creator. Petya is another ransomware virus that encrypts the hard drive of the infected system and demands a payment to restore access. is the name of the exploit code that takes advantage of the vulnerability in the Windows Server Message Block (SMB) protocol, allowing attackers to execute arbitrary code on the compromised system

2. #122UPPCS 2022
   Which one of the following Watershed Development Projects sponsored by the Central Government of India which aims at enabling the rural population to conserve the water?
   • APani Sansad
   • BHariyali
   • CJal Kranti
   • DNone of the above
   Answer: (D) None of the above
   Explanation

   Option d is the correct l is correct- Genetic changes can be the cells that produce eggs or sperm of a This is done using a technique called germline Germline gene editing is a powerful tool that can to correct genetic diseases or to introduce new a population Statement 2 is correct- A person's genome can be birth at the early embryonic stage. This is a technique called is and efficient gene editing tool that can be used changes to the genome of an embryo. This could to correct genetic diseases or to introduce new a 3 is correct- Human induced pluripotent can be injected into the embryo of a pig. done to create a chimeric animal, which is an animal cells from two different species. Chimeric being used to study human development and disease, could also be used to develop new treatments for

3. #123UPPCS 2022
   Which country has natural arsenic water contamination?
   • ABangladesh
   • BPakistan
   • CSri Lanka
   • DBhutan
   Answer: (D) Bhutan
   Explanation

   Option d is the correct power using solar photovoltaic cells can be used as well as submersible water power pumps can be used for running as well as positive displacement pump which a piston to transfer is an initiative of MNRE to promote usage pumps among farmers

4. #124UPPCS 2010
   Which one of the following is the most important factor responsible for the decline of biodiversity?
   • AGenetic assimilation
   • BControlling assimilation
   • CDestruction of habitat
   • DControlling pests
   Answer: (C) Destruction of habitat
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct disease is caused by the consumption water, Mercury can damage the system, leading to a variety of symptoms, tingling, vision problems, and difficulty baby syndrome is caused by the consumption water. Nitrate can interfere with ability to produce oxygen, leading to a methemoglobinemia. Methemoglobinemia can skin to turn blue, hence the name "blue baby syndrome." Important Tips C.hemkals Disease or characteristks related to the chemical Osteoporosis Weak and brittle bone Flouride Teeth Molting and Bone Flourisis. Lead Lead poisoning, Kidney Damage. Chloride Solution: Option b is the correct disease is caused by cadmium pollution. a toxic heavy metal that can contaminate soil and particularly through industrial processes waste disposal. Prolonged exposure to high cadmium can lead to the development of Itai-itai is characterized by severe pain in the joints osteomala

5. #125UKPSC 2016
   Maintenance of genetic diversity in National Parks is done by
   • AIn-situ conservation
   • BEx-situ conservation
   • CGene pool
   • DNone of the above
   Answer: (A) In-situ conservation
   Explanation

   Option a is the correct conservation is the conservation of genetic its natural habitat. This is done by establishing such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. parks, the plants and animals are protected and other human activities. This allows them and maintain their genetic diversity. Important Tips Ex-situ conservation is the conservation of genetic diversity outside of its natural habitat. This is done by storing seeds and pollen in gene banks, or by keeping animals in zoos and aquariums. Ex-situ conservation can be used to protect species that are endangered or critically endangered

6. #126UPSC CDS 2019
   Which one of the following pairs of animals is warmblooded?
   • ACrocodile and ostrich
   • BHagfish and dogfish
   • CTortoise and ostrich
   • DPeacock and camel
   Answer: (D) Peacock and camel
   Explanation

   modified leaves that form pitchers filled with digestive Option d is the correct answer to trap and digest insects and other small and peacock are both warm-blooded animals. Pair d is incorrectly matched: Mushrooms are animals, also known as endotherms, are autotrophs; they are heterotrophs. They are part of to maintain a constant internal body temperature fungi kingdom and obtain their nutrients by of the external environment. This is achieved organic matter or by forming symbiotic relationships a variety of mechanisms, including the production plants. Mushrooms are not capable of photosynthesis heat by the body's metabolism and the insulation of the rely on external sources for their energy and with fur or feathers. 183. Solution: (c)

7. #127Practice set
   With reference to Pasteurization, consider the following statements: 1. This process can only be used for non packaged food items. 2. It can eliminate microorganisms present in the food to a certain extent. 3. It drastically alters the nutritional content of the food.How many of the statements given above are correct?
   • AOnly one
   • BOnly two
   • CAll three
   • DNone
   Answer: (C) All three
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct ice is a solid form of carbon dioxide. It is for temporary refrigeration as CO2 does not have state at normal atmospheric pressure and from the solid state to the gas 1 is correct: It is true that dry ice can be used the food quality without altering its foods. Dry ice can be used to inhibit the growth of bacteria (thus preserving the quality of food) in by displacing the oxygen without altering the quality of 2 is correct: Tiny dry ice pellets can be used fire by both cooling fuel and suffocating the fire oxygen. Without oxygen combustion won't and dry ice, by cutting off oxygen supply from fire, as an effective fire 3 is incorrect: Compared to normal of O degree celsius), the temperature of is -78 degree celsius and it is extremely cold. ice is more likely to result in ice burns if not thus dry ice is free of any ice burns is not 4 is correct: The most common ch

8. #128Practice set
   Consider the following statements with reference to the Single Cell Protein and its utility: 1. They can be extracted from dried cell biomass. 2. They can be used as a protein supplement for both humans and animals.Which of the above given statements is/are correct?
   • A1 only
   • B2 only
   • CBoth 1 and 2
   • DNeither 1 nor 2
   Answer: (B) 2 only
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct are located on the DNA present in the DNA is a carrier of genetic information. A genetic/chromosomal disorders in human beings traced to the inheritance of changed or altered 1 is correct: Sickle cell anaemia is one of a group disorders and it affects the shape of red which carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Red are usually round and flexible, so they move blood vessels. These sickle shaped RBCs and sticky, which can slow or block blood 2 is incorrect: Down syndrome is a condition in has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes packages of genes in the body and they a baby's body forms and functions. People with usually have a low IQ and are slower to 3 is correct: Thalassemia is a genetic disorder due a patient cannot make enough haemoglobin found Blood Cells (RBC's). It affects the clotting of blood to anaemia and patients also require blood two to three weeks to 4

9. #129Practice set
   Consider the following pairs of mkro nutdents and their unique function for the human body: 1. Vitamin C Protect cells against the effects of free radicals 2. Vitamin D Necessary for the healthy mineralization of bone 3. Vitamin A Necessary for healthy vision 4. Vitamin E Helps in improving the immune systemHow many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
   • AOnly one
   • BOnly two
   • COnly three
   • DAll four s
   Answer: (C) Only three
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct 1 is correct: The pituitary gland is a gland located at the base of the brain. It is to as the "master gland" because it controls of many other glands in the body. The is divided into two parts: the anterior pituitary posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary produces several hormones, including: Growth which stimulates growth and cell reproduction. Statement 2 is correct: The pineal gland is located on side of forebrain. Pineal secretes a hormone Melatonin plays a very important role in of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body. it helps in maintaining the normal rhythms cycle, body temperature. In addition, influences metabolism, pigmentation, the as well as our defense 3 is incorrect: Parathyroid Gland is the Thyroid gland in the neck region. The by this gland is called Parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphorus level in bones. gland, which is located in the

10. #130Practice set
    With reference to Animal Cell and Plant Cell, consider the following statements: 1. Plastids are found only in plant cells, and not in animal cells. 2. Cilia is present in plant cells, but absent in animal cells. 3. Vacuoles in animal cell.s are generally smaller in size as compared to plant cells.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct virus is a sub microscopic infectious agent that inside the living cells of an organism. Disease viruses are Hepatitis A, B and Novel Influenza (Flu), Measles 1 is correct: The viruses are that are characterised by having an structure outside the living 2 is correct: Due to their structure, they host to reproduce or replicate. They, however, inside the cells of the host organism, which may bacterium, plant or animal Hence, cannot the living cell. Once they infect a cell, they take machinery of the host cell to replicate themselves, 3 is correct: A fully assembled infectious called a virion. The simplest virions consist of two nucleic acid (single or double-stranded DNA) and a protein coat, the capsid

11. #131Practice set
    With reference to White Blood Cells (WBCs), consider the following statements: 1. They are colourless due to lack of haemoglobin. 2. They do not have a nucleus in them. 3. Both B and T type of White Blood Cells are responsible for acquired immunity.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct: Prokaryotes have a cell the cell membrane except in mycoplasma. matrix filling the cell is the cytoplasm. There is nucleus. In addition to well defined cells include other membrane-bound 2 is correct: Mitochondria is known as of the cell. They are responsible for Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and their ATP on their cell surface do not have mitochondria. Mitochondria found in eukaryotic cells. This is also true of structures like the nucleus and the 3 is correct: The vacuole is the membrane bound space found in the cytoplasm. It contains water, product and other materials not useful for the vacuoles present in prokaryotes are smaller the ones found in eukaryotic cells due to the size

12. #132Practice set
    Why do mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell? I (a) It destroys worn out cellular organelles and organic debris. exactly, the position a,nd the momentum of a particle. remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors. organisms become more efficient and organs that are less used are lost in the succeeding generations
    • Aif an equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium s,hifts to counteract the changes to re- establish an equilibrium
    • BIt produces the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is known as energy currency of the cell. Practitebook ]
    • Cis responsible, for and transporting essential plant proteins
    • DIt acts as a site for protein synthesis in the cell. 212
    Answer: (C) is responsible, for and transporting essential plant proteins
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a principle the genetic variation in a population will from one generation to the next in the disturbing factors. When mating is random in a with no disruptive circumstances, the that both genotype and allele frequencies constant because they are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can be disturbed by of forces, including mutations, natural mating, genetic drift, and gene flow. For disrupt the equilibrium of allele frequencies new alleles into a Important Tips Le Chatelier's principle states that if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to counteract the change to re-establish an equilibrium. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to measure or calculate exactly, both the position and the momentum of an object. Lamarck theory of evolution states that, the o

13. #133Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding vegetative propagation in plants: 1. It is a mode of asexual reproduction in plants. 2. The new offspring produced vegetative propagation is genetically ideintical to its parent plant. 3. New varieties can be easily in plants using vegetative propagation.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct management of bacterial infections is becoming a challenge due to the rapid evolution of bacteria. As an excellent candidate to resistance, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced from the synthetic and natural a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity high specificity and low 1 is incorrect: Antimicrobial peptides a class of small peptides that widely exist in nature are an important part of the innate immune system organisms. AMPs have a wide range of against bacteria, fungi, parasites and peptides are an abundant and diverse molecules that are produced by many tissues and cell a variety of invertebrate, plant and animal 2 is correct: Antimicrobial peptides the small molecular peptides that play a crucial role innate immunity of the host against a broad range including bacteria, fungi, parasites Antibacterial peptides account for a large AMPs and have a broad inhib

14. #134Practice set
    Which of the following statements is incorrect with regard to stem cells?
    • AEmbryonic stem cells can form any cell types in the body
    • BBone marrow contains stem cells that can give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
    • CSomatic stem cells remain in our body throughout our lifetime
    • DInduced Pluripotent stem cells are produced by genetically manipulating embryonic stem cells to produce somatic stem cells. umflll
    Answer: (C) Somatic stem cells remain in our body throughout our lifetime
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct a is incorrect. It is totipotency which only to the early cells of fertilized eggs (and b is incorrect. It is correct that totipotent formed during sexual and asexual reproduction are a product of sexual reproduction are result of asexual c is correct. Single totipotent cell has to develop into an embryo with all the that make up a living being, as well as into the structure necessary for foetal development. totipotent cell is a self-contained entity that can to the whole dis incorrect. Pluripotency is the ability of a develop into the three primary germ cell layers of embryo and therefore into all cells of the adult not extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta. Important Tips Totipotent vs Pluripotent vs Multipotent Comparison Chart Relative High Medium Low potency Cell types Differentiate Differentiate Differentiate capable of into any cell into cells into a

15. #135Practice set
    Which of the following statement about cell potency is correct?
    • APluripotency is restricted only to the early cells of fertilized eggs
    • BToti potent cells formed during sexual and asexual reproduction are spores and zygotes respectively
    • CA totipotent has potential to be differentiated into any type of cell
    • DPluripotent cell can develop into a placenta
    Answer: (A) Pluripotency is restricted only to the early cells of fertilized eggs
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct 1 is correct. The phenotype is the of an organism, while the Genotype is the of an organism. Phenotype is observable and expression of the genes of an individual. We can hair colour, eye colour, height, weight, skin colour, cannot look at genes responsible for these the observable physical look is the phenotype while genes responsible for such characters present DNA of cell of the individual is 2 is incorrect. Genotype are partly an individual to the offspring as one of the during the reproduction process. The of the organisms, which may or may not in the next generation. The same the same phenotype in a particular is not inherited. It appears outside the body, appearance

16. #136Practice set
    Consider the following properties of the Virus: 1. It is metabolically inactive outside the host cell. 2. They are known to infect all kinds of cells except bacteria. 3. All Coronaviruses are RNA virus.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct foot is a fungal infection that affects the of the skin of the foot, especially when it is and irritated. It is also known as tinea Pedi of the foot. The fungus that causes athlete's called Trichophyton and is commonly found on in clothing. The disease is common around and showers as these places are warm and humid; is Tips Mycetoma is a disease by certain types' of ba.dtei.-fa found in soil and water: These bacteria and fungi enter the body through a break in: the, skin, on.a person's foot. The causes firm, usually painless but debilitating masses under the skin that can eventually affect the underlying bone. Elephantiasis is also known as lymphatic filariasis. It's caused by parasitic worms and can spread from person to person through mosquitoes. Elephantiasis causes swelling of the scrotum, legs, or breasts is an infection caused by a fungus called T.he fungus

17. #137Practice set
    With reference to 'Bile', consider the following statements: 1. It plays an important role in digestion of fats. 2. It is secreted by the Gallbladder. 3. It makes the acidic food coming from the stomach alkaline.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct 1 is incorrect. Methanogens are produce methane by growing anaerobicallr on cellulosic material. In addition amounts of Carbon dioxide and Hydrogen gas are One such microbe is belong to the domain archaea, which from bacteria. Both bacteria and Archaea 2 is correct. Biogas is a mixture of containing methane. It is produced by activity and may be used as 3 is correct. Methonogens like present in the rumen (a part of stomach) of cattle. A cellulosic material present in the food of cattle is in the rumen. In rumen, these microbes help in of cellulose and play an important role in of the excreta of cattle (dung) is rich in these can be used for generation of biogas, commonly Methanogens are also found in the anaerobic sewage treatment

18. #138Practice set
    Consider the following statements: 1. In External fertilization, fusion of a male and a female gamete takes place outside the body of the female 2. External fertilization is very common in plants as a method of sexual reproduction.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 or 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct first step in the process of reproduction is the fusion sperm and an ovum. The fusion of the egg and the called I is correct. Zygote begins to develop into an zygote divides repeatedly to give rise to a ball of cells then begin to form groups that develop tissues and organs of the body. This is termed an embryo. It is unicellular in embryo gets embedded in the wall of the uterus 2 is correct. During fertilisation, the nuclei of the the egg fuse to form a single nucleus. This results in of a fertilised egg or 3 is correct. The embryo continues to develop in It gradually develops body parts such as hands, eyes, ears etc. The stage of the embryo in which all parts can be identified is called a foetus

19. #139Practice set
    Which one of the following is the most probable reason for a human being to sneeze?
    • ARupture of our throat
    • BAntigens present in the environment called allergy
    • CExposure of the diffused sunlight
    • DAbsence of the mucus membrane underneath the nasal cavity
    Answer: (C) Exposure of the diffused sunlight
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct is the fluid connective tissue and it plays a very in the human body. There are four primary blood, which are red blood cells, white blood and a is correct: Red blood cell, also called the blood its characteristic colour and carry the lungs to the tissues. The mature human red is small, round, and biconcave. Hemoglobin, or Hb, protein molecule found in red blood cells b is correct: Platelets plays active role in during injury. Any damage in the blood signals to the platelets. The platelets rush to the site and form clots to repair the damage. The stick together to form a platelet plug which in the coagulation 61 c is incorrect: White Blood Cells are the red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. cells are produced continuously in the marrow of d is correct: White blood cells circulate blood and help the immune system fight off cells circulate through your bloodstre

20. #140Practice set
    Which among the following statements is incorrect in context of the different blood cells in body?
    • ARed Blood Cell carries oxygen to different parts of the body
    • BPlatelets plays active role in blood clotting during injury
    • CWhite Blood Cells are produced only in the bone marrow
    • DWhite blood cells help the immune system to fight with infection
    Answer: (C) White Blood Cells are produced only in the bone marrow
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct. If the pollen lands on the stigma same flower or another flower of the same plant, it self-pollination. When the pollen of a flower lands stigma of a flower of a different plant of the same kind, called 2 is correct. Flowers which contain either or only stamens are called unisexual flowers. contain both stamens and pistil are called Corn, papaya and cucumber produce whereas mustard, rose and petunia have

21. #141Practice set
    Consider the following difference between plants and animals: 1. Plants have a large quantity of dead cells while most of the tissues in animals are living. 2. The growth in plants is limited to certain regions, while this is not so in animals.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct: The Meiosis is the process sexually-reproducing animals that reduces the of chromosomes in a cell before organisms package these cells into gametes, egg and sperm. The gametes can then meet, and fuse to create a new zygote. Because of alleles (It is a variant form of a gene) was meiosis, the combination of two gametes will yield with the same number of alleles as the production of offspring by sexual reproduction fusion of two gametes, each with a complete of chromosomes (Haploid is a cell that contains a of chromosomes). Gametes are formed from is a cell or organism that has This specialised kind of cell division the chromosome number by half results in of haploid daughter cells. This kind of called 2 is correct: Mitosis or the equational usually restricted to the diploid cells only. However, lower plants and in some social insects' haploid divide b

22. #142Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding Innate immunity jn humans: 1. Tears contain antimicrobial compounds which prevent microbial growth. 2. Saliva plays an important role in physicochemical defence of tooth surfaces. 3. Hair follicles prevents microorganisms by creating an acidic environment.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct are an organism that can be seen a microscope. Microorganisms include algae, and fungi. viruses are not organisms but sometimes they are classified 1 is correct: Coliform bacteria are are present in the environment and in the feces of animals and humans. Coliform not likely cause illness. However, their presence water indicates that disease-causing could be in the water system. Most can contaminate water supplies come from the feces or animals. Testing drinking water for is complex, time-consuming, and expensive. It easy and inexpensive to test for coliform coliform bacteria are found in a water sample, operators work to find the source of restore safe drinking 2 is correct: We use microbes or products them every day. A common example is the curd from milk. Micro-organisms such as others commonly called lactic acid bacteria (LAB) milk and convert it to curd. Durin

23. #143Practice set
    Which of the following statements regarding the differences between B-cells and T-cells is correct?
    • AWhile B-cells are present in the bloodstream, T-cells are located in the lymphatic system
    • BWhile B-cells are produced in the liver, T-cells are produced in the bone marrow
    • CBoth B-cells and T-cells are involved with antibody production
    • DUnlike T-cells, B-cells are only involved in destroying the infected cells
    Answer: (C) Both B-cells and T-cells are involved with antibody production
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct is correct. Colour Blindness is a disorder due to defect in either red or green eye resulting in failure to discriminate between red colour. This defect is due to mutation in certain in the X chromosome. It occurs in about 8 per males and only about 0.4 per cent of is incorrect. Breakdown of protein is linked here. Cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of which happen because of normal changes in eyes as older. Around age 40, the proteins in the lens of start to break down and clump together. This a cloudy area on your lens or a cataract. is no evidence that breakdown of proteins in the lens eyes is faster than in female's eyes. Hence this is is not the right explanation of Assertion. is more common in men than in women genes responsible for the color blindness are located X chromosome. Males have only one X females have two X chromosomes. In males, defective X ch

24. #144Practice set
    Which of the following statements correctly defines the features of a gene? 1. The number of genes in an organism varies between various species. 2. All genes produce proteins to carry various instructions in living organisms. 3. All genes are made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to store genetic information.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 only
    • B2 and 3 only
    • C1 and 3 only
    • D3 only
    Answer: (C) 1 and 3 only
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct are thread-like structures located inside of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic a is correct: The unique structure of DNA tightly wrapped around spool-like histones, Without such packaging, DNA be too long to fit inside cells. For example, if all of molecules in a single human cell were unwound histones and placed end-to-end, they would stretch b is correct: For an organism to grow properly, cells must constantly divide to cells to replace old, worn-out cells. During cell is essential that DNA remains intact and evenly cells. Chromosomes are a key part of the. ensures DNA is accurately copied and distributed vast majority of cell divisions. Still, mistakes do on rare occasions; Changes in the number or structure M Statement d is correct: Th.e only h.umah cells thadfo new cells may lead tb serious problems.

25. #145Practice set
    Which of the following statements is/ are correct about Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)? 1. It is a subset of artificial intelligence that generates new outputs based on the data they have been trained on. 2. Generative AI uses a type of deep learning called generative adversarial networks (GANs) to create new content.Select the correct code from the options below
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct artificial intelligence (AI) describes as that can be used to create new audio, code, images, text, simulations, and breakthroughs in the field have the potential change the way we approach content 1 is correct: Generative artificial intelligence a subset of AI that uses machine learning algorithms new data based on existing data 2 is correct: Generative AI uses a type of called generative adversarial networks (GANs) new content. A GAN consists of two neural generator that creates new data and a discriminator the data. The generator and discriminator with the generator improving its outputs the feedback it receives from the discriminator until content that is indistinguishable from real

26. #146Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding retrovirus: 1. It uses RNA (Ribonucleic acid) as its genomic material. 2. Retrovirus can be transmitted between humans through infected blood.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct l is correct: A retrovirus is a virus that instead of DNA, as its genomic material. with a retrovirus, a cell converts the retroviral DNA, which in turn is inserted into the DNA of the The cell then produces more retroviruses, which cells. Many retroviruses are associated with AIDS and some forms of 2 is correct: Retroviruses are a family of are grouped together based on how they are how they replicate within a host. Besides virus (HIV), the virus that causes two other retroviruses that can cause human is called human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 the other is called human T-lymphotropic virus type Both of these viruses are transmitted through sexual contact, infected blood or or during pregnancy or childbirth from person to their child

27. #147Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding Site-Directed Nudeases (SDN) technology: 1. Zinc-Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) is a technique that is used in SDN technology. 2. In all types of SDN technologies (SDN- 1, 2 and 3), foreign genetic material is inserted to make changes in DNA. 3. Crops derived from and SDN2 are exempted from biosafety assessment requirements.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct decade ago, scientists discovered a technique which to 'cut' DNA strands and edit genes. For this process allowed them to bring about in the genome by using site directed nuclease sequence specific nuclease (SSN). Nuclease is an cleaves through nucleic acid - the building block l is correct: Site-directed nucleases (SDNs) type of genetic engineering tool that can be used to changes to the DNA sequence of a cell or are several different techniques for using Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs): ZFNs are engineered proteins that can recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences. When combined with a nuclease, they can cut the DNA at that specific site. ZFNs are widely used in research and have been used to create genetically modified organisms. Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs): TALENs are similar to ZFNs, but use a different type of DNA-binding protei

28. #148Practice set
    With reference to "Chimeric Antigen Receptor ( CAR) T-cell therapy", consider the following statements: 1. A patient's own cells cannot be used in the CART-cell therapy. 2. In this, T cells are genetically altered in a lab to enable them to locate and destroy cancer cells more effectively. 3. The therapy can help in treating diseases like leukemia and lymphomas.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct available CART-cell therapies are customized individual patient. They are made by collecting T the patient and re-engineering them in the produce proteins on their surface called chimeric or CARs. The CARs recognize and bind to or antigens, on the surface of cancer l is incorrect: Unlike chemotherapy which involve taking drugs, CAR use a patient's own cells. They are modified in to activate T-cells and target tumor 2 is correct: CAR T cell therapy is a type of treatment that uses immune cells called that are genetically altered in a lab to enable them in destroying cancer cells more 3 is correct: CART treatment can be very some types of cancer, even when other treatments working. Since 2017, six CART-cell therapies have by the Food and Drug Administration T-cell therapies are approved for the blood cancers, including lymphomas, some forms and, most recently, multi

29. #149Practice set
    Consider the following statements about Synthetic Biology: 1. Synthetic Biology is an area of science which involves redesigning organisms for useful purposes. 2. Synthetic Biology can be utilised for developing microorganism which helps in Bioremediation of pollutants. 3. Synthetic Biology doesn't involve introduction of any foreign or new gene to the target organism.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct 1 is correct. Synthetic biology is that field which involves redesigning organisms for by engineering them to have new as well as companies working in harnessing nature's power to address issues manufacturing, and 2 is correct. Synthetic biology goals generally redesign organisms so that they can create a as a medicine or fuel, or acquire a new ability, such ability to sense something in the 3 is incorrect. In synthetic biology, of DNA are often stitched together and the genome of an organism. These synthesized may contain genes that are already present in or they may be completely new

30. #150Practice set
    In humans, DNA can be extracted from which of the following specimens? 1. Fingernails 2. Skin 3. Hair 4. Blood 5. SalivaSelect the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1, 2, 3 and 4 only
    • B1, 2, 3 and 5 only
    • C2, 3, 4 and 5 only
    • D1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
    Answer: (D) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct extraction is used to extract a useable DNA sample examination. Commercial extraction kits are provide all components necessary for extraction. be extracted from different biological samples, such as; Fingernail material -can serve as an important source of DNA. Because of the special composition and structure of fingernails that embody DNA in keratinized cells, DNA extraction procedures are more complex than usual protocols applied for fresh somatic cells. Skin - DNA can be extracted from skin cells, skin cells from the lower layers produce the best result. Hair - Hair roots contain genomic DNA while hair shafts contain mitochondrial DNA. - Blood is an source DNA is present in white blood cells ofhumans, but not red blood cells which lack nuclei. Saliva - DNA comes from white blood cells and buccal epithelial cells (cheek cells) in the saliva

31. #151Practice set
    With refrence to gene editing, consider the following statements about 'base editing' technology: 1. It is a method of converting or altering a DNA base by creating double-stranded breaks. 2. Base editing technique can be used only to edit DNA bases and not the RNA bases. 3. This technique generates lesser undesired editing by-products than the CRISPR mediated genome editing methods. 94.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct 1 is incorrect: Base editing is a newer approach that uses components from together with other enzymes to directly install into cellular DNA or RNA. This technique require making double-stranded DNA breaks 2 is incorrect: The base editing technology can to alter base pair of both- DNA and the 3 is correct: Base editing is a method of one DNA base to another without the need breaks. But CRISPR-mediated uses the system to create double stranded breaks (DSBs) in the DNA. These breaks are by the cell's own repair mechanisms, leading insertion or deletion of specific base pairs. DSBs nucleases such as result in indels, rearrangements that are considered as Since base editors (in base editing) do create DSBs, they minimize the formation by-products

32. #152Practice set
    Consider the following statement about Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC): 1. It functions in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change 2. It has been constituted under Environmental Protection Act, 1986. 3. The Committee is chaired by the Minister of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct I is correct. The Genetic Committee (GEAC) functions in the Ministry Forest and Climate Change 2 is correct. The Genetic Engineering (GEAC) is a statutory body constituted under for the Manufacture, Use /Import /Export and Hazardous Microorganisms/ Genetically or Cells, 1989 notified under the Act, 3 is incorrect. GEAC is chaired by the Additional Secretary of and a representative from the Department of

33. #153Practice set
    Consider the following statements with regard to the National Genomic Grid: 1. It will study genomic data of patients suffering from a Genetically Inherited disease. 2. The study will utilize the technique of genome sequencing.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (B) 2 only
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct I is incorrect: The National Genomic Grid study genomic factors influencing cancer and right treatment modalities for the Indian National Genomic Grid will be formed in line with Cancer Tissue Biobank 2 is correct. This study is carried out technique of Genome Sequencing that is the process the complete DNA sequence of an at a single time

34. #154Practice set
    Consider the following statements: 1. Unlike Cloning, Genetic engineering allows parents to give their children genes that have been intentionally designed or modified in the laboratory. 2. Both Genetic modification and Cloning can occur naturally.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct I is correct. Cloning allows would-be give their children the same genes as a whereas genetic engineering allows them to children genes that have been intentionally or selected in the laboratory for some 2 is correct. Cloning can happen naturally mode of reproduction. And also cloning can by molecular cloning and reproductive modified plants are created artificially. studies have shown that genetically modified come about by natural means as well. A research Sweden has now described the details of such an higher plants. It is likely that the gene transfer by a parasite or a pathogen. Important Tips Transgenic animals are those animals in which DNA is altered to produce new type of organisms by inserting or deleting genes. This process is called genetic engineering. Cloning is the creation of a perfect replica of a particular organism i.e., creating similar populat

35. #155Practice set
    In relation to the developments in the field of genetics, which of the following statements is incorrect?
    • ADNA fragments, which result from the breakup of DNA strands, cannot be separated
    • BDisease causing mitochondria carried by a woman can be replaced with a healthy mitochondrion
    • CWe can create 'recombinant' DNA, which are composed of DNA from different genomes
    • DDNA sequence of an organism can be altered through genome editing
    Answer: (A) DNA fragments, which result from the breakup of DNA strands, cannot be separated
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct a is incorrect. The cutting of DNA by results in the fragments of DNA. can be separated by a technique known as Since DNA fragments are negatively they can be separated by forcing them to the anode under an electric field through a enzymes belong to a larger class of nucleases. These are of two kinds; exonucleases Exonucleases remove nucleotides ends of the DNA whereas, endonucleases make cuts positions within the b is correct. MRT or Mitochondrial donation is technique in which defective mitochondria a woman is replaced with the healthy mitochondria of Mitochondrial donation is an assisted which can help some parents to avoid DNA disease to their biological children. collectively refers to a number of specific at ensuring only healthy mitochondria is passed an c is correct. Restriction endonucleases are genetic engineering to form 'recombinant' molecules which ar

36. #156Practice set
    Consider the following statements: 1. Gene Therapy Product (GTP) is defined as any biological entity, having th.e required gene, that could introduce modifications in the genome for therapeutic benefit. 2. GTPs work by repairing, replacing or deactivating dysfunctional disease causing genes aiming to restore normal function.Which of the following statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct. Gene therapy is defined as that transfers DNA to a patient's cells to correct gene or a gene product in order to treat are not curable with conventional drugs. Gene are being studied to treat diseases including diseases, and infectious diseases. There are a types of gene therapy products, including: Plasmid DNA molecules can be genetically engineered therapeutic genes into human 2 is include: Recombinant viral vectors: adenovirus, retrovirus Non-viral vectors: naked DNA transfection Microbial/ bacterial vectors (Salmonella, E. coli): recombinant bacteria derived vehicles Modifications resulting from the use of CRISPR and other technologies ex vivo genetically modified cells: gene modified/ augmented stem cells, (induced pluripotent stem) cells, CAR-T cells etc. Soluble/part emulsion/Nano based interventions containing any form or genetic material/ nu

37. #157Practice set
    Regarding gene therapy which of the following statement is incorrect?
    • AIn this method, a mutated gene is revised, removed, or replaced at the DNA level
    • BThis method results in destruction of the problem causing genes
    • CIt can be used to treat both inherited genetic diseases and acquired disorders
    • DViral vectors are used for the transfer of genetic materials
    Answer: (A) In this method, a mutated gene is revised, removed, or replaced at the DNA level
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct therapy is a technique that modifies a person's removal or change in the content of genetic material) to treat or cure a is incorrect. In gene editing, a mutated gene removed, or replaced at the DNA.level. In the effect of a mutation is offset by inserting version of the gene. Both approaches may durable benefit to patients, and both gene therapy and alone or in combination, may lend themselves to of transformative genomic b is correct. Gene therapy is used in the genes that cause medical -health. This method the problem causing genes. On the other goals of gene editing are to disrupt harmful genes or mutated c is correct. Both inherited genetic diseases disorders can be treated with gene therapy. these disorders are primary immune deficiencies, therapy has been able to fully correct the patients, and/or cancer, where the gene therapy is still experimental d is co

38. #158Practice set
    With reference to the Single-Celled Proteins (SCP), consider the following statements. 1. Single-celled proteins (SCP) are used as the protein supplement in animal feeds. 2. SCP can be produced from waste thereby reducing environment pollution. 3. Blue green algae known as Spirulina is used for production of SCP.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct cell protein (SCP) refers to dead, dry cells such as yeast, fungi, bacteria and 1 is correct. Single-cell proteins are the dried microorganism, which are used as the protein human foods or animal feeds. Microorganisms like yeast and bacteria, utilize inexpensive feedstock are used as sources of carbon and energy for produce biomass, protein concentrate or amino 2 is correct. Single Celled Protein be produced from wastes, thus lead to reduction pollution. In this, the agricultural and some industrial wastes which may contribute to a significant pollution in watercourses are used for SCP utilization of such materials in SCP two functions as reduction in pollution and edible. 3 is correct. Microbes being used as a source protein for production of protein at industrial example, Spirulina which is a Blue-green algae is materials like waste water from potato processing

39. #159Practice set
    With reference to recent developments regarding 'Recombinant Vector Vaccines', consider the following statements: 1. Genetic engineering is applied in the development of these vaccines. 2. Both bacteria and viruses can be used as vectors.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct. Genetic engineering is applied development of Recombinant vector vaccines. involves techniques to alter the chemistry material (DNA and RNA), to introduce these organisms and thus change the phenotype of the The techniques of genetic engineering of recombinant DNA, use of gene cloning and 2 is correct. Recombinant vaccines are made of or bacterial vector. They are used as channels for host organisms

40. #160Practice set
    Lumpy Skin Disease caused in cattle and water buffaloes by a poxvirus called Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV). Consider the following statements about this disease: 1. It is a non -zoonotic disease therefore it is safe to drink milk from the infected cattle. 2. Incubation period of LSD is around 28 days. 3. Due to rapid mutations in LSDV, a vaccine against it cannot be developed. 4. It has a very high mortality of greater thanHow many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • COnly three
    • DAll four
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct 1 is correct: Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a non zoonotic disease i.e.; the disease is non transmissible to humans. It cannot be transmitted either by or by consumption of milk. Therefore, it is drink milk from the infected cattle. Moreover, a of milk produced is either pasteurized or boiled in order to make milk powder. This process the virus is inactivated or 2 is correct: Incubation period of LSD around 28 days, but experimentally infected cattle clinical signs as early as 6-9 days. It is a mild fever, followed by the sudden appearance of 3 is incorrect: Indian Council of (!CAR) is aiming to commercially launch Vaccine. It is a live attenuated to those used against tuberculosis, measles, rubella. This vaccine provides protection in 4 is incorrect: According to the Food Organization (FAO), the mortality rate is

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