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Climatology — UPSC Prelims Geography previous year questions — page 3

212 solved previous year questions on Climatology, papers from 1993 to 2022, drawn from UPSC CDS, UPSC CAPF, State PCS. Each carries the printed answer key and the explanation from the source compilation.

1. #81Practice set
   What will be the impact on insolation distribution on Earth if it is not tilted at an angle on its axis?
   • AOne half of the Earth would be too hot with continuous insolation, while other half would be frozen due to absence of insolation
   • BAll the places on different latitudes will receive the same amount of insolation
   • CThe hot places would become cold due to reduced insolation and vice versa
   • DThere would be no seasonal variations in temperatures of a place
   Answer: (D) There would be no seasonal variations in temperatures of a place
   Explanation

   Option d is the correct energy received by the earth's surface in the form of is termed as Incoming Solar Radiation or axis of Earth is tilted towards the ecliptic of the Sun angle of approximately 23.5 a is incorrect: One half of the Earth being with continuous insolation, while one half would due to no insolation will occur only if the rotating on its axis (not because of lack of If the earth stopped rotating, there would be and night for all places on earth. Then one half of will continuously face the sun, and one half will be b is incorrect: All the places on will receive the same amount of insolation the earth is flat and no longer spherical in shape of lack of tilt of the axis). As long as the earth in shape, the sun rays will have to travel to reach them and the level of their directness upon unit area will vary, leading to of tilt of the axis only enhances the slant of the sun ra

2. #82Practice set
   With.reference to the factors affecting the normal lapse rate, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. Terrestrial radiation is absorbed by the greenhouse gases which heats up the atmosphere. 2. Fall in atmospheric pressure leads to decline in temperature at higher altitudes. 3. Temperature decreases with increasing heights due to increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases.Select the correct answer using the code given below
   • A1 and 2 only
   • B2 only
   • C1 and 3 only
   • D1, 2 and 3 ok
   Answer: (A) 1 and 2 only
   Explanation

   Option a is the correct rate of decrease of temperature with height is normal lapse rntc. It is per 1,000 rn. The of non-rising air commonly referred to as the Environmental, Lapse Rate (EL.l{) - is highly affected by radiation, convection, and I is correct. The insolation received by the earth short waves forms and heats up its surface. The earth heated itself becomes a radiating body and it to the atmosphere in long wave form. This up the atmosphere from below. This process is terrestrial radiation. The long wave radiation is the atmospheric gases particularly by carbon the other greenhouse gases. Thus, the atmosphere heated by the earth's 2 is rrect. increase in elevation, pressure falls. Fall in pressure implies temperature also falls as the pressure is to temperature and vice 3 is incorrect. With increase in concentration of greenhouse gases decreases and (Water vapour and carbon di

3. #83Practice set
   Consider the following statements regarding influence of various factors on of any place:l. A steep slope experiences a more rapid change in a gentle one. 2. North facing slope of the mountain ranges in Northern hemisphere show higher temperature than south facing slope.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
   • A1 only
   • B2 only
   • CBoth 1 and 2
   • DNeither 1 nor 2
   Answer: (A) 1 only
   Explanation

   Option a is the correct I is correct - The topographical variations major factors modifying the distribution of in elevation, surface orientation (slope and aspect), and obstruction by surrounding create strong local gradients of insolation. to factors affecting temperature in mountain steep slope experiences a much more rapid change than a gentle 2 is incorrect - Those mountain rnn easl-wesl alignment like the Alps show on the south facing slo the sunny sheltered north facing slope has lowei' greater insolation of the south facing slope has a vegetative cover

4. #84Practice set
   Which of the following pairs is/are incorrectly matched? 1. Conduction two bodies of unequal temperature are in contact and there is flow of energy from higher temperature to lower temperature. 2. Advection air which rises vertically upon heating in the form of currents and transmit heat vertically in the atmosphere. 3. Convection-it is the process of transfer of heat through horizontal movement of air.Select the correct answer using the code given below
   • A1 only
   • B1 and 2 only
   • C2 and 3 only
   • D1, 2 and 3
   Answer: (C) 2 and 3 only
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct 1 is correctly matched: Conduction takes place bodies of unequal temperature are in contact with there is J flow of energy from the wanner Lo The transfer of heat continues until both the the same temperature or the contact is broken. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched: The transfer of heat through horizontal movement of air is called advection. In tropical regions particularly in northern India during summer season local winds called 'loo' is the outcome of advection process. Pair 3 is inconectly matched: The process of vertical heating of the atmosphere is known as convection. Air in contact with the earth rises vertically on heating in the form of currents and further transmits the heat of the atmosphere. It is confined only to the troposphere

5. #85Practice set
   Why is the temperature in the tropics higher than the temperature at equator?
   • AThe tropics receive a higher concentration of sunlight than the equator
   • BGreater cloud formation at the equator due to rising air current causes rain and thunderstorms
   • CThe effect of Coriolis force at equators lowers the temperature
   • DThe presence of rich vegetation and large oceans helps in lowering the temperature at equator. IQ Belts and Systems
   Answer: (B) Greater cloud formation at the equator due to rising air current causes rain and thunderstorms
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct a is incorrect: Due to the spherical structure tilt of Earth on its axis, the Equator receives concentration of sunlight and the concentration decreases as we move from equator towards regions. Hence statement l is b is correct: The equator does not experience temperatures on Earth. Here, rising air thunderstorms that consume considerable heat energy, suppressing the air temperature by Celsius. The greater cloud cover also helps to amount of air currents generated at the equator helps in of clouds over equatorial regions, which rain and thunderstorms. This phenomenon helps the temperature at equator. The dry air hotter during its descent into the tropical is because as the dry air descends from high compression leads to an increase in its when moist air descends through 1 kilometer, it hotter by 6 degrees Celsius, but it increases by Celsius when the air is if the

6. #86Practice set
   With reference to the Earth's Rossby Waves, consider the following statements: 1. The equatorial Ross by waves can result in formation of twin cyclones. 2. The Rossby waves transfer heat from the tropics toward the poles.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
   • A1 only
   • B2 only
   • CBoth 1 and 2
   • DNeither 1 nor 2
   Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct by waves, also known as planetary waves, naturally rotating fluids. Within the Earth's ocean and waves form as a result of the rotation of the l is correct. The twin tropical cyclones by equatorial Rossby waves. The twin cyclone is (circulation with a definable centre) in the and another in the southern hemisphere, of these is a mirror image of the other. Tt is vortex in the north spins counter clockwise and positive spin, while the one in the southern in the clockwise direction and therefore has a Both have positive value of the vorticity which is of the rotation. Hence resulting in formation 2 is correct. Rossby waves formed in transfer heat from the tropics toward the cold air toward the tropics in an attempt to to balance. This also help in locating the (narrow bands of strong wind in the upper the atmosphere) and mark out the track of surface systems. The slo

7. #87Practice set
   With reference to Planetary Winds and their associated regions, consider the following statements: 1. The Westerlies originate in the subtropical high-pressure belt and blow towards poles. 2. The Westerlies result in heavy precipitation and strong winds at horse latitudes. 3. The Westerlies of the Southern hemisphere are more robust and constant than the westerlies of the Northern hemisphere.How many of the statements given above are correct?
   • AOnly one
   • BOnly two
   • CAll three
   • DNone
   Answer: (B) Only two
   Explanation

   Option bis the correct l is correct. The westerlies blow from 35-40 60-65 degree North and South latitude. They originate northern parts of sub-tropical high-pressure cells toward the 2 is incorrect. The horse latitudes are at about 30 degrees north and south of the latitudes are characterized by calm winds and In this region of the subtropics, winds either flow toward the poles (known as the or toward the equator (known as the These diverging winds are the result of an area high pressure, which is characterized by calm winds, and little or no 3 is correct. The westerlies of the are stronger and persistent due to the of water, while lhose of the northern hemisphere because of uneven relief of vast land-masses

8. #88Practice set
   With reference to Polar Vortex, consider the following statements: 1. It is a whirling cone of high pressure over the poles. 2. When the vortex becomes strong, a wave of cold air is always pushed southwards. 3. The term vortex refers to counterclockwise flow of air.How many of the statements given above are correct?
   • AOnly one
   • BOnly two
   • CAll three
   • DNone
   Answer: (A) Only one
   Explanation

   Option a is the correct circumpolar vortex, or simply polar vortex, is a of cold, rotating air that encircles both of Earth's 1 is incorrect. Polar vortex is described as cone of low pressure over the 2 is incorrect. Normally, when the vortex and healthy, it helps to keep a current of air (the travelling around the globe in almost a circular current keeps the cold air up north and warm air When the vortex becomes weak there is a lack of low-pressure system, resulting in jet stream hold to keep it in line, and becoming wavy and all of a river of cold air is pushed down 3 is correct. The term vortex refers flow of air that keeps the colder air poles

9. #89Practice set
   Which one of the following is the cause for formation of Intertropical Convergence Zone?
   • AThe convergence of equatorial air mass with the tropical and sub-tropical air mass near equator
   • BThe intense heating of mid-latitude belt in summers
   • CThe convergence of northeast and southeast trade winds near equator
   • DThe high sea surface temperature and high evaporation rate near equator
   Answer: (C) The convergence of northeast and southeast trade winds near equator
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a low pressure zone located at the equator where trade winds hemispheres converge. It is a zone where air tends This convergence zone lies more or less parallel equator but moves north or south with the of the Intertropical Convergence Zone is formed when winds of the Northern and Southern together. In the northern hemisphere the winds converge with southeast winds from Hemisphere. The point at which the trade forces the air up into the atmosphere, forming

10. #90Practice set
    Which of the following winds blow over or around the Mediterranean Sea? l. Sirocco 2. Nor wester 3. Bora 4. Santa Ana 5. MistralSelect the correct answer using the code given below
    • A2 and 4 only
    • B1, and 5 only
    • C1, 3 and 5 only
    • D1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
    Answer: (C) 1, 3 and 5 only
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1,3 and 5 are correct: Many local winds around the Mediterranean Sea due to the of the region. The various local wind around Sea are as follows

11. #91Practice set
    With reference to the velocity and direction of wind, consider the following statements: 1. The speed of the wind is directly proportional to the pressure gradient force. 2. The friction force on the wind is more at the land surface than on the sea surface. 3. The rotation of Earth on its axis causes a change in wind's direction.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct: The differences in produce a force. The rate of change of resped lu is the pressure gradient. gradient is strong where the isobars are close other and are weak where the isobars are apart. of the wind is directly proportional to the pressure force, meaning that as the change in (i.e. pressure gradient increases) the speed of al so increases at that 2 is correct: The friction force on the more at the land surface than on the sea surface. Force is greatest at the surface and its extends up to an elevation of 1 - 3 km. Over surface the friction is minimal. Over uneven due to high friction, the wind direction angles with isobars and the speed gets 3 is correct: The rotation of Earth 011 its winds to shift direction, creating what are prevailing winds. This wind shift, known as the causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to shift right and winds in the So

12. #92Practice set
    Consider the following statements about the Polar Vortex: 1. It is a large area of high pressure and warm air surrounding both the poles of Earth. 2. Cold surges in the parts of the US, Europe and Asia are sometimes associated with polar vortex. 3. Sudden stratospheric warmings can strengthen the polar vortex. 4. Polar vortex is generally located above the polar jet streams in the atmosphere.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • COnly three
    • DAll four k
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct stratospheric polar vortex is a large-scale region of is contained by a strong west-to-east jet stream the polar l is incorrect: The polar vortex is a large area pressure (NOT high pressure) and cold surrounding both of the Earth's poles. It exists near but weakens in summer and strengthens in winter. "vortex" refers to the counter-clockwise flow of air keep the colder air near the 2 is correct: Many a times during winter northern hemisphere, the polar vortex will cold air southward with the jet stream. fairly regularly during wintertime and is with large outbreaks of Arctic air in the this phenomenon is also observed in Europe and Asia as 3 is incorrect: A sudden stratospheric a significant disruption of the stratospheric polar begins with large-scale atmosphere waves (called getting pushed higher into the atmosphere. can "break" (like waves in the ocean) on top

13. #93Practice set
    Consider the following statements about Katabatk winds, in the context of mountain and valley winds: 1. It is warm wind that blows up a mountain slope due to a warmer temperature on the mountain slope. 2. The Bora winds of Adriatic and Oroshi winds of Japan are the examples of katabatic wind. 3. They can sometimes lead to the formation of Antarctic Oases.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct l is incorrect: An anabatic wind is warm blows up a mountain slope due to a wanner the mountain slope compared to the temperature in RAPHY air column. Also known as an upslope wind or upslope type of wind usually occurs on a clear sunny day. of an anabatic wind is a katabatic wind, down the slope of a mountain. Additionally, blow at night and are caused by reversed between the air column and the mountain 2 is correct: The examples of katabatic bora winds of the Adriatic, Oroshi winds of Piteraq winds in 3 is correct: Katabatic winds most out from large, elevated ice sheets in Green land regions. The high-density cold air that builds the ice sheet and the elevation of the ice sheet force of gravity. When these winds are concentrated in area, they will blow with hurricane speed. In especially in Antarctica, the snow may be by the force of these winds, leading to the

14. #94Practice set
    With reference to local winds of the world, consider the following pairs:Local winds Region L Sirocco Hot and Dry wind in North America 2. Buran Cold winds in Eurasia 3. Mistral Cold winds from MediterraneanHow many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct l is incorrect - Sirocco is a hot, dry, dusty originates from the Sahara. It is most frequent in and normally last for only a few days. The outward from the desert interiors into the Sea where it absorbs some 2 is correct - Buran is a cold, northerly polar Eurasia, blowing violently at 50 m.p.h or more and temperature of below freezing point. The are blown around in the lower atmosphere is greatly 3 is incorrect - Mistral is a cold wind from down the Rhone valley in France. The velocity Mistral is intensified by the funneling effect in the the Alps and the Central Massif

15. #95Practice set
    Regarding the pressure gradient force, which of the statements is/are incorrect? 1. The vertical pressure gradient force is lesser than that of the horizontal pressure gradient. 2. The difference between vertical and horizontal pressure gradient force is balanced by the opposite gravitational force.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (A) 1 only
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct l is incorrect. The rate of change of regard to distance is the pressure gradient. The gradient force is much larger than that of pressure gradient 2 is correct. The difference between horizontal pressure gradient force is balanced by force. Hence, we do not experience winds

16. #96Practice set
    Which of the following factors affect the wind movement? 1. Buoyant Force 2. Friction Force 3. Coriolis Force 4. Centripetal AccelerationSelect the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 3 only
    • B1, 2 and 3 only
    • C2, 3 and 4 only
    • D1, 2, 3 and 4
    Answer: (D) 1, 2, 3 and 4
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct l is correct. The surrounding atmosphere force on low-pressure cells and hence the air lo,,v pressure cell rises, On the other hand, the air vvithin cell sinks as it is denser than the Rising air is associated with unstable weather (cyclonic conditions) whereas (subsiding) air is associated with divergence conditions (anticyclonic 2 is correct. Frictional Force affects the the wind. It is greatest at the surface and its extends up to an elevation of 1 - 3 km. Over the the friction is 3 is correct. Coriolis Force deflects the wind to direction in the northern hemisphere and to the the southern 4 is correct. Centripetal acceleration creates a at right angles to the wind movement and the centres of rotation. This force produces pattern of flow (vortex) around centres of high pressure

17. #97Practice set
    With reference to 'Geostrophk winds', consider the following statements: 1. In geostrophic wind, the Coriolis force is balanced by horizontal pressure gradient force. 2. Geostrophic winds flow at great speeds due to low friction. 3. Jet streams are also a form of geostrophic winds.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct wind is a wind whose direction and speed by a balance of the pressure-gradient force force due lo the earth's rotation. The Coriolis force is of the rotation of the Earth on its l is correct. In geostrophic wind the is balanced by horizontal pressure gradient force. parcel initially at rest will move from high pressure because of the pressure gradient force as that air parcel begins to move, it is deflected Coriolis force to the right in the northern the left on the southern hemisphere). As the wind the deflection increases until the Coriolis the pressure gradient force. At this point, the be blowing parallel to the isobars. When this wind is referred to as geostrophic. Coriolis force Path Statement 2 is correct. Geostrophic winds, flow at due to low friction and are subjected to force. Upper-air winds are faster than because friction is greatly reduced 3 is corre

18. #98Practice set
    "Coriolis force is an apparent force caused by the earth's rotation." Which of the following statements is/are incorrect regarding Coriolis force?
    • ACoriolis force can cause the deflection of winds
    • BThe Coriolis force is zero at the equator and maximum at the poles
    • CThe rotation of the cyclones in different directions is due to Coriolis force
    • DThe Coriolis force has no effect on deep ocean currents
    Answer: (D) The Coriolis force has no effect on deep ocean currents
    Explanation

    Option dis the force is an apparent force caused by the The magnitude of the Coriolis force depends on of the object and its a is correct. The Coriolis force is deflecting winds towards the right in the and towards the left in the southern is also known as 'Ferrel's bis correct. Coriolis force is absent at the highest at the poles. The Coriolis force acts the pressure gradient force. The pressure gradient force to an isobar. At the equator the wind to the isobars. Thus, the Coriolis force is equator and it increases moving towards c is correct. Where a cyclone forms, the spins and the general path it takes are determined by of factors including the Coriolis force. Cyclones due to the presence of a low-pressure zone. As pressure intensifies over a period of time (depending factors) the surrounding air rushes in to fill As is rushing in it will rotate according to the Ferrel's law cause cy

19. #99Practice set
    Consider the following statements: 1. The factors that affect wind direction is pressure-gradient force and the Coriolis force only. 2. The friction force on the wind is more at the land surface than on the sea surface.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2 11
    Answer: (B) 2 only
    Explanation

    Option bis the correct air in motion is called wind. Wind is moving air and by differences in air pressure within our under high pressure moves toward areas of low greater the difference in pressure, the faster the air 1 is incorrect. The horizontal winds near surface is the result of the combined effect of - the pressure gradient force, the frictional the Coriolis force. In addition, the gravitational acts downward. The wind at the surface which is responsible for limiting the speed of Along with that gravitational force is also wind direction, which acts 2 is correct. The friction force on the wind at the land surface than on the sea surface. is greatest at the surface and its influence up to an elevation of 1 - 3 km. Over the sea friction is minimal. Over uneven terrain, however, high friction, the wind direction makes high angles and the speed gets Important Tips Effect of the Coriol

20. #100Practice set
    With reference to Westerlies, consider the following statements: 1. They are winds which form part of Hadley cell circulation. 2. They bring desiccation (dryness) effect to the western coast of the continents. 3. They are stronger in the Northern hemisphere as opposed to the Southern hemisphereHow many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (D) None
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct l is incorrect. Westerlies form the part cell circulation. They are prevailing winds that the west at mid-latitudes. In the Ferrel cell, air and eastward near the surface and equatorward at higher altitudes; this movement is the reverse airflow in the Hadley 2 is incorrect. Westerlies are on-shore winds western coasts. Thus, they bring much precipitation western coasts of the 3 is incorrect. In the southern hemisphere is a large expanse of ocean and few landmasses winds, from to Westerlies blow greater force and regularity throughout the year. westerlies are also referred to as Roaring fifties and Shrieking sixties

21. #101Practice set
    Weather front formation is chal'acterised by which of the following factors? 1. Two contrasting air masses. 2. Prominence in middle latitudes. 3. Steep temperature gradient. 4. Negligible change in pressure. 5. Shift in wind direction.Select the correct answer from the codes given below
    • A1, 2, 4 and 5 only
    • B1, 3 and 5 only
    • C1, 2, 3 and 5 only
    • D1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
    Answer: (C) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct - When two different air masses boundary zone between them is called a front. of formation of the fronts is known as 2 is correct - The fronts are more prominent latitudes. They are uncommon in lower and 3 is correct The fronts are characterized by gradient in temperature. They bring abrupt temperature and cause the air to rise to form clouds 4 is incorrect - When a sudden change occurs through a front, the pressure 5 is correct - A front experiences wind shift wind motion is a function of pressure gradient force

22. #102Practice set
    In the context of role of Tropical easterly jet stream on Indian Monsoons, consider the following statements: 1. These streams play an important role in the reversal of upper air circulation patterns. 2. The streams steer the tropical depressions into India. 3. The tracks of these streams in India are the areas of highest rainfall in India. 85.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct l is correct - The Easterly jet streams are for the burst of monsoon in India as formation streams results in the reversal of upper air from high pressure to low 2 is correct - The easterly jet stream steers depressions into India. These depressions play role in the distribution of monsoon rainfall Indian 3 is correct - The tracks of these by easterly jet streams are the areas of in India. The frequency at which these India, their direction and intensity, all go a long determining the rainfall pattern during the period

23. #103Practice set
    Consider the following statements with reference to the variation of pressure on earth: 1. In the lower atmosphere, Vertical pressure increases rapidly with height. 2. The horizontal variation of pressure is due to non-uniform heating of the earth's surface. 3. The horizontal distribution of pressure can be studied by drawing isobars.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option bis the correct expands when heated and gets compressed This results in variations in the The differences in atmospheric pressure causes of air from high pressure to low pressure, air in motion. Atmospheric pressure also the air will rise or l is incorrect: In the lower atmosphere decreases (not increases) rapidly with height. in pressure with altitude, however, is not the factors controlling air density - of water vapor and gravity are variable, there is relationship between altitude and 2 and 3 are correct: Atmospheric pressure uniform everywhere. The air over the earth's variety of pressure changes due to of the earth's surface. The horizontal is analyzed by drawing lines of equal pressure on a map, which are called Isobars. Horizontal pressure is studied by drawing isobars at constant are lines connecting places having equal order to eliminate the effect of altitude on pressur

24. #104Practice set
    Which of the following local winds of the world flows towards the northward directions? 1. Sirocco 2. Mistral 3. PamperoSelect the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 only
    • B3 only
    • C2 and 3 only
    • D1 and 3 only
    Answer: (D) 1 and 3 only
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct winds are caused by the differences in pressure locally. They are generally warm and There are many local winds around the It is a warm, humid wind occurring over Mediterranean Sea and southern Europe, where from the south or southeast and brings air. It originates over North Africa as a dry picks up moisture as it moves northward towards It is a cold and dry strong wind in southern blows down to south from the north along the River valley toward the Mediterranean Sea. It and most frequent in winter, and it considerable damage to It is cold winds originated and flow in in Argentina, South America. It sweeps over from the west or southwest towards In the southern hemisphere, the Pampero frequent in the winter (principally between May

25. #105Practice set
    With reference to air masses, consider the following statements: 1. It is a large body of air having little vertical variation in temperature and moisture. 2. Continental type of air mass is mostly dry. 3. Maritime tropical type air mass brings hot and humid weather in the summer.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct mass is a large area of air that has taken on temperature and moisture levels from and water that is below l is incorrect: When the air remains over area for a sufficiently longer time, it characteristics of the area. The homogenous be the vast ocean surface or vast plains. The air characteristics in terms of temperature is called an airmass. It is defined as a large air having little horizontal variation in temperature (not the vertical variation). The over which air masses form, are called the 2 correct: Continental Air Mass 25- and 60-degrees latitude, either north or the equator. As indicated by their name, they form land areas, so they're dry. A very dry and hot air forms is labeled -- continental and 3 is correct: Maritime Air Mass with form over oceans. Maritime tropical air hot and humid weather in the summer. Humid air masses often come from the Gulf of M

26. #106Practice set
    "These are dreaded evening local level thunderstorms that occur in Bengal and Assam during the months of March and April. The showers associated with these storms are sometimes useful for tea, jute and rice cultivation:' 92. The above paragraph refers towhich of the following local storms of hot weather season in India?
    • AMango Showers
    • BLoo
    • CNor Western
    • DBlossom Showers
    Answer: (C) Nor Western
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct the summer months in India, a sudden dry and moist air masses gives rise to local storms intensity. These local storms are associated with torrential rains and even Famous Local Storms of Hot Weather Mango Shower: Towards the end of summer, there are pre-monsoon showers which are a common phenomenon in Kerala and coastal areas of Karnataka. Locally, they are known as mango showers since they help in the early ripening of Blossom Shower: With this shower, coffee flowers blossom in Kerala and nearby ) Nor Westers: These are dreaded evening thunderstorms in Bengal and Assam. Their notorious nature can be understood from the local nomenclature of 'Kal Baisakhi', a calamity of the of Baisakh. These showers are useful for tea, jute and rice cultivation. In Assam, these storms are known as "Bardoli Chheerha". (Hence Option c is correct) ) Loo: Hot, dry and oppressive win

27. #107Practice set
    the following conditions in a L of n.wisture in the air 2. Rapidly rising air 3. Absence sunlight 93.How many of ihc conditions given above are favorable for the development of a thunderstorm?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct 1 is correct: Moistureis necessary to thunderstorm clouds and precipitation. Presence moisture in the air can generate thunderstorms time of the year, even in extreme 2 is correct: Atmospheric instability also plays role in thunderstorm development. Rising air to produce clouds, and rapidly rising air is produce thunderstorms. For air to rise rapidly, it buoyant compared to the surrounding air. atmosphere is unstable, air near the ground can and rise rapidly through the 3 is incorrect: Sunlight contributes to the in the atmosphere. Trigger motion is some boundary such as a front. Once a thunderstorm it will continue to generate boundaries that additional storms. In the summer, develop in the afternoon when the sun heats the ground. Important Tips Thunderstorms: Thunderstorms form when warm, moist air rises into cold air. The warm air becomes cooler, which causes m

28. #108Practice set
    It is a rneasure of the actual amount of water vapor in the air, regardless of the air's temperature. The higher the amount of water vapm, the higher is its value. It is expressed as grnms of moisture per cubic meter of air Which of the following options best describe the paragraph?
    • ARelative Humidity
    • BDew Point Temperature
    • CSpecific Humidity
    • DAbsolute Humidity
    Answer: (D) Absolute Humidity
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct is the amount of water vapour in the water vapour regulates air temperature thermal radiation both from the Sun and Water vapour is the ultimate source of all forms and Humidityis the measure of water vapor in regardless of the temperature. It is expressed as moisture per cubic meter of air The higher of water vapor, the higher is the absolute id r or u n Important Tips Relative Humidity is the percentage ratio of actual water vapour contained in the given sample of air to the maximum quantity of vapour that air sample can hold at that temperature. If the temperature of sample of air is raised, its capacity to hold water vapour increases and if so, its relative humidity will decrease. It is often expressed in percentage. The dew point is the temperature the air needs to be cooled to (at constant pressure) in order to achieve a relative humidity of At this point th

29. #109Practice set
    Consider the following pairs:Terms Description 1. Relative It is the ratio of mass Humidity of water vapour to the total mass of the air parcel. 2. Dew Point It is the temperature at which the air becomes fully saturated. 3. Absolute It represents the Humidity actual amount of water vapour present in the airHow many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct amount of Water Vapour present in the air is known It is expressed quantitatively in different ways. Pair l is incorrect: Specific Humidity (not relative the ratio of the mass of water vapour to the total mass air Relative humidity is the ratio of the amount vapor actually in a volume occupied by air to the space could contain at saturation. The moisture present in the atmosphere as compared to capacity at a given temperature is known as the The relative humidity of an air at saturation hundred 2 is correct: Dew point is the temperature at which becomes folly saturated (100 percent relative is dependent on only the amount of moisture in the 3 is correct: Absolute humidity is the actual water vapour present in the air. In other words, the mass of water vapor divided by the mass of in a volume of air. It does not take temperature Absolute humidity in the atmosphere

30. #110Practice set
    Which one of the following conditions is favorable for the formation of Hailstorm in India?
    • Aabsence of a jet stream at a higher level in the atmosphere
    • Bless variations in wind velocity over vertical distances
    • Cactive western cyclonic disturbances during winter and the pre-monsoon season
    • Dlow moisture content in the atmosphere
    Answer: (C) active western cyclonic disturbances during winter and the pre-monsoon season
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct is a type of precipitation or water in the is formed when drops of water freeze together in upper regions of thunderstorm clouds. Most between 5 millimeters and 15 centimeters and can be round or c is correct: Hailstorms occur mostly over mid latitude continental regions and decrease in the pole and equator and over oceans. In favourable hail conditions are met by active disturbances during winter and the Low level circulation associated with middle level trough in westerly winds of a jet stream at higher level provide for the formation of hail-bearing the line of discontinuity over north and Other Atmospheric conditions favourable for of hail bearing thunderstorm are: High degree High moisture content in the atmosphere, level, High vertical wind shear (strong variation velocity over vertical distances)

31. #111Practice set
    Consider the following statements in the context of relative humidity: 1. It is the weight of water vapour per unit volume of air. 2. It increases with the decrease in temperature of the water vapour content. 3. It is greater over the oceans and least over the continents.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct l is incorrect. Relative humidity could as the percentage of moisture present in as compared to its full capacity at a 2 is correct. The ability of the air to hold depends on temperature along with other the change of air temperature, the capacity to increases or decreases and the relative humidity affected. Relative humidity increases with the temperature of the water vapour content and vice 3 is correct. Relative humidity is greater over and least over the continents. It is due to amount of water vapor over the oceans is greater the land

32. #112Practice set
    Which of the following is/are the characteristics of the convectional rainfall? 1. It is very common in the interior parts of the continents, particularly in the northern hemisphere. 2. It is mostly associated with winter and colder air in the atmosphere. Select the correct answer using the code given below: l 02.Which of the following statements regarding Fog and Mist is/ are correct:?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only ( Both 1 and 2
    • CAll three
    • DNeither 1 nor 2 101
    Answer: (A) 1 only
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct l is correct. In the interior parts of the landmass is available to get heated, resulting into on a huge scale, which helps in the convectional 2 is incorrect. High temperature and are needed for the air to get heated and which condenses in the upper atmosphere. rain is common in the summer or during the of the day

33. #113Practice set
    With reference to the various forms of precipitation, consider the following statements: 1. Temperature inversion in the atmosphere helps in the formation of sleet. 2. Sleet generally forms in winter, while hail is a precipitation of warm season. 3. Size of pellets of hailstones is normally larger than the pellets of sleet.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct are small ice particles that form from the liquid water drops, such as raindrops. Hail is that can grow to very large sizes through of water that freezes onto the hailstone's 1 is correct. Sleet is formed under the temperature inversion. When the falling snow layer of warm air, it melts, then it hits the layer of just above Earth's surface and refreezes. This results of tiny ice pellets called as 2 is correct. Sleet forms in winter storms, is a warm-season type of precipitation. Sleet snow melts in a warm layer and then refreezes into as it falls though a cold layer. Hail, however, forms summer or fall 3 is correct. Sleet pellets are normally hail. Due to repeated upliftment of frozen pellets upward air current of the air, the hailstones are many layers of ice which increases their size. are larger pellets than the pellets that make Important Tips Hailstones: Hail

34. #114Practice set
    Consider the following statements: 1. Thunderstorms are caused by intense convection on moist hot days. 2. Cirrus clouds are responsible for producing thunder and lightning during a thunderstorm event. 3. Tornadoes are spiralling winds with a low pressure at its centre. 4. Tornadoes occurs at only upper latitudes with high Coriolis force.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • COnly three
    • DAll four
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct l is correct. Thunderstorms are of short over a small area but are violent. caused by intense convection on moist hot 2 is Incorrect. A thunderstorm is a cloud producing thunder and the clouds extend to heights where prevails, hails formed and they come 3 is correct. From severe spiralling wind descends like a trunk of with great force, with very low pressure at the massive destruction on ilt; way. Such a called a 4 is Incorrect. Tornadoes generally occur latitudes.Most tornadoes are found in the of the central United States - an ideal the formation of severe Practkebook

35. #115Practice set
    With reference to different forms of condensation, consider the following pairs:Cdndensation 1. Dew Dew point above the freezing point 2. Frost Dew point below the freezing point 3. Fog Sudden rise in air mass temperatureHow many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone ml 1
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct l is correct. The ideal conditions for formation of clear sky, calm air, high relative humidity, and cold nights. For the formation of dew, it is necessary that point is above the freezing 2 is correct. Frost forms on cold surfaces takes place below freezing point i.e., the is at or below the freezing point. The ideal the formation of white frost are the same as those for of dew, except that the air temperature must or below the freezing 3 is incorrect. When the temperature of an air a large quantity of water vapour falls all of condensation takes place within itselt on fine The fog is a cloud with its base al ur very near

36. #116Practice set
    It is formed wherever the saturated air mass is forced to ascend a barrier. The air expands, and the temperature falls. Consequently, condensation takes place forming douds and eventually rain. The description describes which of the following types of rainfall
    • AConvectional rainfall
    • BRelief rainfall
    • CCyclonic rainfall
    • DNone of the Above
    Answer: (B) Relief rainfall
    Explanation

    Option bis the correct rainfall-When the saturated air across a mountain, it is forced to ascend and as it expands; the temperature falls, and the moisture The chief characteristic of this sort of rain the windward slopes receive greater rainfall and remain rainless and dry. Important Tips Types of rainfall: Convectional rainfall: The air on being heated, becomes light and rises up in convection currents. As it rises, it expands and loses heat and consequently, condensation takes place and cumulous clouds are formed. With thunder and lightning, heavy rainfall takes place but this does not last long. Cyclonic rainfall: It is independent of relief or convection. It is purely associated with cyclonic activity whether in the temperate regions or tropical regions. It is due to convergence of two different air masses with different temperatures and other physical properties

37. #117Practice set
    If you need to condense a given moist volume of air, which of the following actions one will take? 1. Increase the temperature of the given volume of air. 2. Add more moisture through evaporation. 3. Reduce both volume and temperature. 4. Bring the given volume of air in contact with colder object.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1, 2 and 3 only
    • B1, 2 and 4 only
    • C2 and 3 only
    • D2, 3 and 4 only
    Answer: (D) 2, 3 and 4 only
    Explanation

    Option dis the correct 1 is incorrect. If we increase the the given volume of air, it will result in is a process by which water is transformed to gaseous 2 is correct. Ifwe add more moisture to the of air, through evaporation, it will lead to density and pressure resulting in 3 is correct. Condensation takes place the temperature is reduced to dew point, with remaining constant or reducing the volume of relative humidity increases. So, if we reduce both air and its temperature, then it will lead to the water Statement 4 is correct. Condensation also takes place moist air comes in contact with some colder it will result in lowering the temperature of volume of air and temperature of the air gets closer

38. #118Practice set
    Which of the following conditions are necessary for the formation of dew: 1. High relative humidity. 2. Steady air flow. 3. Cold and long nights. 4. Dew point below freezing point.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 2 only
    • B1 and 3 only
    • C2, 3 and 4 only
    • D1, 2 and 3 only
    Answer: (B) 1 and 3 only
    Explanation

    Option bis the correct l is correct. High relative humidity is the formation of dew. It means the current volume of near to 2 is incorrect. Calm air is necessary for as it helps to maintain the volume of air temperature and moisture, with less disturbances air 3 is correct. Cold and long nights help to temperature and dear sky results in fast warm air from surface to the upper atmospheres. to cold and moisture laden air to subside near the 4 is incorrect. For the formation of dew, the needs to be above the freezing point. If the dew at or below the freezing point then it results in frost

39. #119Practice set
    Consider the following statements, with reference to the relief rain: 1. The leeward slope of the mountain receive greater rainfall. 2. The winds capacity to take in moisture increases on the leeward slope of the mountain.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (B) 2 only
    Explanation

    Option bis the correct 1 is incorrect. Relief rain, also known rain, results when the saturated air across a mountain, it is forced to ascend and as it expands; the temperature falls, and the moisture The chief characteristic of this sort of rain the windward slopes receive greater rainfall. The on the leeward side gets less rainfall and is the rain-shadow 2 is correct. After giving rain on the when these winds reach the other slope, they their temperature rises. This results in of winds to take in moisture and hence, slopes remain rainless and dry

40. #120Practice set
    Which of the following conditions are favourable for the formation of a hailstorm? 1. Low moisture content in the atmosphere. 2. Low vertical wind shear. 3. Low freezing level.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A3 only
    • B2 and 3 only
    • C1 and 3 only
    • D1, 2, and 3
    Answer: (A) 3 only
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct is a type of precipitation, or water in the is formed when drops of water freeze together in upper regions of thunderstorm chunks of ice are called hailstones. Most between 5 millimeters and 15 centimeters and can be round or are not frozen raindrops. Frozen rain falls and freezes as it nears the ground. Hail actually conditions favorable for the formation thunderstorm are: High degree of instability, High moisture content, (Option l is incorrect) Low freezing level (When the clouds extend to heights where sub-zero temperature prevails, hails are formed and they come down as hailstorm.) (Option 3 is correct) High vertical wind shear. (Option 2 is incorrect)

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