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Geomorphology — UPSC Prelims Geography previous year questions — page 4

184 solved previous year questions on Geomorphology, papers from 1993 to 2022, drawn from UPSC CDS, UPSC CAPF, UPSC CSE Prelims. Each carries the printed answer key and the explanation from the source compilation.

1. #121Practice set
   An aquifer is defined as a formation of sizeable mass of suffidently saturated permeable material that can yield water to wells and springs. In this context, which of the following options are correct about Aquifer? 1. Unconsolidated sand and gravel deposits form the best aquifers. 2. Sedimentary materials constitutes the largest percentage of earth's aquifers. 3. Clays which constitute a large proportion of pores, are good aquifers.Select the correct answer using the code given below
   • A1 only
   • B2 and 3 only
   • C1 and 2 only
   • D1, 2 and 3
   Answer: (C) 1 and 2 only
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct aquifer can be defined as a formation saturated permeable material which can qualities of water to wells and l is correct: Unconsolidated or sand and gravel deposits form the This deposit consists of strata of coarse material silt and clay layers. Alluvial fans form good deposits when groundwater level is quite 2 is correct: It is observed that constitute the largest percentage of including coarse unconsolidated materials sedimentary rocks like, limestone and 3 is incorrect: Clays, which contain of pores, are not good aquifers. The very small in size therefore water cannot move the clay mass

2. #122Practice set
   Consider the following statements with reference to the process of Exfoliation: 1. IL can occur due Lu expansion and contraction induced by temperature changes. 2. It is the combined effect of biological and chemical weathering. Practicebo 3. Exfoliation due to pressure release is also known as sheeting.How many of the statements given above are correct?
   • AOnly one
   • BOnly two
   • CAll three
   • DNone
   Answer: (B) Only two
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct is a process in which sheets of rock fracture detached from the outcrop due to pressure l is correct: large variations in temperature, with producing exfoliation. The expansion during the day followed by contraction from at night cause the separation of thin slabs from of rock at the 2 is incorrect: Exfoliation is a type of it is also known as onion weathering. It does not occur due to combined effect of chemical or 3 is correct: When the sheets of rock break the exposed rocks along the fractures, this process as exfoliation. And thus, due to is also known as sheeting

3. #123Practice set
   Consider the following statements regarding the Porosity and Permeability in the rocks: 1. Permeability is the ease of flow of a fluid through a porous solid. 2. The surface water percolates well when the rocks are permeable. 3. Extremely porous rock will necessarily have good permeability.How many of the statements given above are correct?
   • AOnly one
   • BOnly two
   • CAll three
   • DNone
   Answer: (B) Only two
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct is a measure of the void spaces in a material is a measure of the ability of a material l is correct: The porosity of a rock is a its ability to hold a fluid. it is the open space in a by the total rock volume. Permeability is a the ease of flow of a fluid through a porous 2 is correct: The surface water percolates the rocks are permeable, thinly bedded and and cracked. After vertically going down to the water under the ground flows 3 is incorrect: A rock may be but if the pores are not connected, it will have

4. #124Practice set
   With reference to 'Stream Erosion', consider the following statements: 1. Hydraulic action is the mechanical loosening and removal of the material from the rocks due to pressure exerted by the running water. 2. Abrasion involves wear and tear of the load sediments through the process of mutual impacts and collisions. 3. Corrosion implies slow but steady chemical action of the flowing stream water on the rocks. 4. Attrition is the process by which irregular bed of the stream is smoolhed by the constant friction.How many of the statements given above are correct?
   • AOnly one
   • BOnly two
   • COnly three
   • DAll four
   Answer: (B) Only two
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct l is correct: Hydraulic action is the and removal of the material from the rocks pressure exerted by the running water. The higher the greater is the pressure of the running water greater is its capacity to bodily move out parts of or grains of soil from the parent body occurring base or 2 is incorrect: Abrasion is the process by which irregular bed is smoothed by the constant scouring impact of rock fragments, gravel, and in the water. The individual particles of collide as they are transported, breaking them smaller 3 is correct: The slow but steady chemical the stream water on the rocks is expresses by the The extent of corrosion depends such on of rocks and also on the composition of Thus, all rocks are not equally susceptible to of stream water. Limestones, gypsum and rock are soluble in water to varying 4 is incorrect: Attrition is used for wear of the load

5. #125Practice set
   Whkh one of the following statements couedly expla.irn, Lhe hmdform of 'Bajada'?
   • AIt is a large sheet of ice that reshapes the landscape around them as they move
   • BIt is a broad slope of debris spread along the lower slopes of mountains by descending streams
   • CIt is a narrow and shallow channel cut into soil by the erosive action of flowing water
   • DIt is a naturally occurring desert rock whose shape resembles a mushroom
   Answer: (B) It is a broad slope of debris spread along the lower slopes of mountains by descending streams
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct is a broad slope of debris spread along the of mountains by descending streams, usually found or semiarid climates. It may be formed by the a series of adjacent Alluvial Cones. A bajada is of gravelly alluvium and may even have interbedded in it. Bajada is a wholly The slope in its upper part ranges between but it becomes in its lowermost portion touching

6. #126Practice set
   How are the Gorges different/similar from/ to the Canyons? 1. Both Gorges and Canyons can be formed by erosional activities of streams or rivers. 2. Gorges and Canyons are both deep, but Canyons are generally wider than Gorges. 3. Unlike Gorges, Canyons are never found in arid regions.Select the correct answer using the code given below
   • A1 only
   • B1 and 2 only
   • C2 and 3 only
   • D1, 2 and 3
   Answer: (B) 1 and 2 only
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct and gorges arc geographical landforms the broad categories of valleys. Morphologically, either V-shaped or with a down ward below the earth surface. They are cbssi,ally and could be separating mountains or 1 is correct: The movement of rivers, of weathering and erosion, and tectonic canyons. The most familiar lype of canyon is river canyon. A number of natural forces form most common is erosion due to streams or 2 is correct: In terms of the proportions of a canyon is considered larger than a gorge. They deep valleys, but a canyon is often wider compared gorge. Gorge is almost always steeper and narrower 3 is incorrect: Canyons can be located in where the climate is dry and deserty. much more common in arid region because bab a more localized effect in arid zones. located in areas that have temperate climate. Ranges due to constant erosion of sediments streams

7. #127Practice set
   Which of the following erosional landforms are developed by running water? 1. Plunge Pools 2. Alluvial fans 3. River Terraces 4. Incised Meanders 5. Natural LeveesSelect the correct answer using the codes given below
   • A1, 2 and 3 only
   • B1, 3 and 4 only
   • C2, 3, 4 and 5 only
   • D1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 G
   Answer: (B) 1, 3 and 4 only
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct Erosional Landforms due to Running Water Potholes and Plungtc Pools, Incised River 3 and 4 un: Potholes and Plunge Pools: Plunge pools are nothing but large, deep potholes commonly found at the foot of a waterfall. River Terraces: They are surfaces marking old valley floor or flood plains. They are basically the result of vertical erosion by the stream. Incised or Entrenched Meanders: They are very deep wide meanders (loop-like channels) found cut in hard rocks. In the course of time, they deepen and widen to form gorges or canyons in hard 2 and 5 are incorrect: Alluvial Fans and are the depositional features (not the of running water

8. #128Practice set
   to 'Landforms formed by Groundwater', consider the following statements: 1. Sinkhole is an opening which is circular at the top and funnel-shaped towards the bottom. 2. Lapies are the spherical mounds formed through deposition of limestone by groundwater. 3. Uvala is a compound sinkhole formed by the collection of multiple smaller individual sinkholes.How many of the statements given above are correct?
   • AOnly one
   • BOnly two
   • CAll three
   • DNone 13 l
   Answer: (B) Only two
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct l is correct: Sinkhole is an opening more or at the top and funnel-shapped towards the sizes varying in area from a few sq. m to a hectare depth from a less than half a metre to thirty metres 2 is incorrect: Lapies are the irregular ridges (not mounds) formed when most of of limestone are eaten by solution process (not of limestone This rugged surface is the solution of rock along with joints and areas of by water containing carbonic and humic 3 is correct: The collection of multiple sinkholes gathers to form a compound uvala. It denotes a closed karst depression, a usually of elongated or compound structure and size than of sinkholes. Uvalas are large, hollow forms in karst areas

9. #129Practice set
   Consider the following statements regarding a geomorphological landform called Mesas: 1. It is a plateau with a flat top and steep sides. 2. It is usually formed in arid regions.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
   • A1 only
   • B2 only
   • CBoth 1 and 2
   • DNeither 1 nor 2
   Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct I is correct: Mesas is an isolated, high a flat top and steep mesa is a flat-topped mountain or hill. It is a wide, landform with steep sides. A mesa is a section of that has been eroded by water removing the rock it now has cliffs on all 2 is correct: Mesas are usually found in where rock layers are horizontal. The top of is called the caprock, this upper layer is often more resistant to weathering or erosion. Mesas in the southwestern states of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona

10. #130Practice set
    Consider the following pair:'types Mass 1. Solifluction Slow downslope flowing fine grained rock debris saturated or lubricated with water 2. Debris flow Heavy rains causing saturation of the soil and regolith with water. GRAPHY 3. Debris High velocity flows of avalanches large volume of rocks that result from collapse of a mountainous slope.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct Movements involves transfer the mass of rock the slopes under the direct influence of gravity. movements are aided by gravity and geomorphic agent water, glaciers, wind, waves and currents the process of mass l is correctly matched: Solifluction - It involves flowing soil mass or fine-grained rock or lubricated with water. This process is in moist temperate areas where surface melting frozen ground and long continued rain 2 is correctly matched: Debris Flows occur at than solifluction, and often result from causing saturation of the soil and regolith with sometimes start with slumps and then flow lobes with an irregular surface consisting of 3 is correctly matched: Debris Avalanches are very flows of large volume mixtures of rock and result from complete collapse of a mountainous move down slope and then can travel for along relatively gentle slopes. Sliding of ma

11. #131Practice set
    Which of the following statements are correct regarding 'Crater'? 1. Impact Crater is a large depression mostly formed due to collision of a meteorite with the Earth's surface. 2. Craters are usually smaller than calderas. 3. Lonar Crater Lake was created by the impact of an extra-terrestrial body.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 2 only
    • B2 and 3 only
    • C1 and 3 only
    • D1, 2 and 3
    Answer: (D) 1, 2 and 3
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct crater is a landform consisting of a hole or depression surface. It is usually caused either by an object hitting or by geological activity like volcanic l is correct: Craters produced by the a meteorite with the Earth (or another planet or called impact craters. Whereas crater formed eruption is known as volcanic 2 is correct: A crater is not the same thing as Craters are formed by the outward explosion of other materials from a volcano. Calderas are formed inward collapse of a volcano's magma chamber. usually much smaller features than calderas, are sometimes considered giant 3 is correct: Lonar lake of Maharashtra is a Lonar Lake lies within the only known crater found within the great Deccan Traps. was created by the impact of either a comet or of (extra-terrestrial body)

12. #132Practice set
    Which of the following statements best describes the term 'dyke'?
    • AIt is an intrusive igneous landform, formed when the lava makes its way through cracks and solidifies vertically within Earth's crust
    • BIt is an elongated form of calcific landform formed by depositional activity of slowly dripping water
    • CIt is a depression or hole in the ground caused by the collapse of the surface layer
    • DIt is an oval-shaped hill largely composed of glacial deposits and formed beneath a glacier or ice sheet
    Answer: (A) It is an intrusive igneous landform, formed when the lava makes its way through cracks and solidifies vertically within Earth's crust
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct the lava makes its way through cracks and the in the land, it solidifies almost perpendicular ground. It gets cooled in the same position to wall like structure. Such structures are called frequently intrude on open spaces between fissures. A dyke will either flow or build up in pushing the surrounding rock to the side. A dyke younger than the rocks surrounding it. GEOG Important Tips Stalactite and stalagmite, elongated forms of various minerals deposited from solution by slowly dripping water. A stalactite hangs like an icicle from the ceiling or sides of a cavern. A stalagmite appears like an inverted stalactite, rising from the floor of a cavern. A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. Drumlins a very small hill formed by the movement of a large mass of ice. Drumlins are oval-shaped hills, largely

13. #133Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding the processes of Weathering and Erosion: 1. Weathering cannot occur if there is no erosion of the rocks 2. Unlike Weathering, Erosion does not involve any movement of fragments of rock.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (D) Neither 1 nor 2
    Explanation

    option d is the correct 1 is incorrect: Weathering processes for breaking down the rocks into and preparing the way for formation of not and soils, but also erosion and mass cannot be significant if the rocks are not not the other way 2 is incorrect: As very little or no motion takes place in weathering, it is an in-situ or Erosion is a process often confused with are geological processes in which the rocks are into finer particles

14. #134Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding the Alluvial Fans: 1. Alluvial fans are erosional landforms that are generally formed at the peak of the Mountains. 2. Alluvial fans cannot be formed underwater. 3. Fans formed due to mass wasting, without the aid of water, are called Colluvial Fans.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct l is incorrect: Alluvial fans are not erosional landforms. An alluvial fan is deposit of gravel, sand, and even of sediment, such as 2 is incorrect: Alluvial fans are even An underwater fan is created as an deposits alluvium from a submarine hill or 3 is correct: Sometimes, fans are formed aid of water. These are called colluvial fans. are created by mass wasting. Mass wasting is downward movement of rock, soil, or other is a material transported by water, is material transported by mass are an instance of mass wasting that often fans

15. #135Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding the Caverns: 1. It is an underground cave formed by the action of water in a limestone area. 2. Borra caves in Andhra Pradesh is a well known site of caverns in India.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct: Cavern is an underground by water action by various methods in a limestone area. Cave formation is prominent in areas where alternating beds of rocks with limestones or dolomites or in areas where limestones are dense, massive as thick 2 is correct: Borra Caves located in district of Andhra Pradesh is a of caverns in India. Among the deepest caves the Borra cave was created millions of years ago by action of the Gosthani river and has some Important Tips Speleothems: Geologists refer to the mineral formations in caves as "speleothems." While the water flows, the speleothems grow in thin, shiny layers. The amount of growth is an indicator of how much ground water dripped into the cave. Little growth might indicate a drought, just as rapid growth could point to heavy precipitation. When the speleothems stop growing, the outside becomes dirty and eroded

16. #136Practice set
    Which of the following landforms can be considered as depositional landforms formed by glaciers? 1. Esker 2. Drumlin 3. Aretes 4. CirqueSelect the correct answer using the codes below
    • A1 and 2 only
    • B1 and 3 only
    • C2 and 3 only
    • D1, 2 and 4 only
    Answer: (A) 1 and 2 only
    Explanation

    option a is the correct l is correct: Esker refers to Winding ridge of depositions of rock, gravel, clay etc. running glacier in a till plain. The eskers resemble the features of and are often used for making roads. It is a depositional feature of 2 is correct: Drumlin have been formed by movement of glacial ice sheets across or till. It looks like an Inverted in a till plain. These are mainly of 3 is incorrect: When the divide between two gets narrow because of progressive erosions, it the formation of a saw-toothed ridge called Arete. formed by headward erosion of cirque 4 is incorrect: Cirque is Hollow basin cut into ridge. It has steep sided slope on three sides, end on one side and a flat bottom. When the ice cirque may develop into a tarn lake. It is an

17. #137Practice set
    With reference to landforms in glaciated lowlands, which one of the following statements correctly describes the feature of 'Eskers'?
    • AThey are deep, long and wide troughs with vertical high walls at its head as well as sides
    • BThey are U-shaped valleys with broad floors and relatively smooth, and steep sides
    • CThey are unsorted glacial deposits comprising a range of eroded materials
    • DThey are long and narrow ridges composed of sand and gravel
    Answer: (D) They are long and narrow ridges composed of sand and gravel
    Explanation

    Option dis the correct These are long, narrow, sinuous ridges composed and gravel which mark the former sites of of formation: When glaciers melt in summer, flows on the surface of the ice or seeps down margins or even moves through holes in the ice. accumulate beneath the glacier and flow like a channel beneath the lee. fluw uver (not in a valley cut in the ground) with ice banks. Very coarse materials like boulders and with some minor fractions of rock debris this stream settle in the valley of ice beneath and after the ice melts can be found as a called esker. Drumlin field Retreating glacier End moraine Important Tips Landforms of glaciated lowlands: Cirque: They are deep, long and wide troughs or basins with very steep concave to vertically dropping high walls at its head as well as sides. Glacial Valleys/Troughs: Glaciated valleys are trough like and U-shaped with broad floors and

18. #138Practice set
    Moraines are often very old material left behind by a moving glacier. In this context consider the following pairs:Type I Category Feature 1. Lateral Often remain on the Moraine landscape long after glacier retreat. 2. Supraglacial Made up of rocks and Moraine earth that have fallen on the glacier. 3. Ground Made up of sediment Moraine brought by streams the glacier.How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct moraine is material left behind by a moving glacier. is usually soil and rock. Just as rivers carry sorts of debris and silt that eventually builds up to glaciers transport all sorts of dirt and boulders up to form are divided into four main categories: medial moraines, supraglacial moraines, l is correct. Lateral moraine forms along the sides of As the glacier scrapes along, it tears off rock and both sides of its path. This material is deposited as at the top of the glacier's edges. Lateral moraines found in matching ridges on either side of the glacier pushes material up the sides of the valley at same time, so lateral moraines usually have similar a glacier melts, the lateral moraine will often remain high rims of a 2 is correct. Supraglacial moraine is material on of a glacier. Lateral and medial moraines can moraines. Supraglacial moraines are of rocks and e

19. #139Practice set
    Which of the following landfonns are formed by running water? 1. Gully 2. Cirques 3. Ravine 4. MorainesSelect the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 3 only
    • B1, 2 and 3 only
    • C2, 3 and 4 only
    • D1, 3 and 4 only
    Answer: (A) 1 and 3 only
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct landforms created as a result of degradational and transportation) or aggradational of running water are called fluvial l is correct A gully is a landform created water. Gullies resemble large ditches or but are metres to tens of metres in depth and 2 is incorrect A cirque is basically a formed by the erosional activity of a names for this landform are corrie and 3 is correct A ravine is a landform a canyon and is often the product of stream Ravines are typically classified as larger in gullies, although smaller than 4 is incorrect Moraines are accumulations and rocks that have fallen onto the glacier have been pushed along by the glacier as it moves. and rock composing moraines can range in size silt to large rocks and boulders

20. #140Practice set
    Consider the following statements: 1. Structural Plains are formed by the deposition of materials brought by various agents of transportation. 2. Erosional Plains are formed by horizontally bedded rocks which are relatively undisturbed by the crustal movements of the earth. 3. Erosional plains are hardly smooth and therefore also called as peneplains.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct l is incorrect. Structural plains are horizontal surfaces of the Earth. They depressed areas of the world that make up the most extensive natural lowlands on the Earth's Great Plains of difference between structural plains and is that the structural plains are relatively and depositional plains are continuously forces of deposition like wind, water etc. are 2 is incorrect. Erosional Plains are formed by and a long-time erosion of all sorts of Plains are formed by the deposition brought by various agents of 3 is correct. The surface of erosional plains smooth. These are therefore also called mean almost a plain

21. #141Practice set
    With reference to the erosion phenomena, which of the following statements is/are correct? l. It involves acquisition and transportation of rock debris. 2. Erosion is a degradational process. 3. Erosion is the consequence of deposition.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 2 only
    • B2 and 3 only
    • C3 only
    • D1, 2 and 3
    Answer: (A) 1 and 2 only
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct 1 is correct. Erosion involves acquisition of rock debris. When massive rocks smaller fragments through weathering and any erosional geomorphic agents like running glaciers, wind and waves remove it to other 2 is correct. By erosion, relief degrades, i.e., is worn down. That means, though erosion it is not a pre-condition for erosion place. Weathering, mass-wasting and erosion 3 is incorrect. Deposition is a erosion. The erosional agents lose their velocity energy on gentler slopes and the materials carried start to settle themselves. The coarser materials first and finer ones later. The same viz., running water, glaciers, wind, waves act as depositional agents also

22. #142Practice set
    Which of the following process is used to define the gradual disintegration of rocks in-situ by atmospheric or weather forces?
    • AErosion
    • BDeposition
    • CWeathering
    • DTransportation
    Answer: (C) Weathering
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct is the process of gradual disintegration by atmospheric or weather forces. Opposed it is a static process which involves decomposition of rocks in-situ. Important Tips Erosion is the process in which there is actual wearing away of the earth's surface by moving agents like running water, wind, ice and waves. It is dynamic process of disintegration of earth's surface which involves both, the removal of material and their transportation. Denudation is broader process of general lowering and leveling out of the surface. This is done by process of wearing away of the earth. It is carried out in four phases: weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition. Deposition is a process in which sediments, soils and rocks are added to a lanform or landmass. Transportation is the process of shifting of the eroded debris to new positions. This is done by climatic and biotic

23. #143Practice set
    Which of the following statements correctly describes the term "Hydration"?
    • AA mechanical action that leads to weathering
    • BDisintegration of rocks caused by chemical addition of water
    • CThe river load particles striking, colliding against each other and breaking down in the process
    • DSolid river load striking against rocks and wearing them down
    Answer: (B) Disintegration of rocks caused by chemical addition of water
    Explanation

    Option bis the correct is a form of chemical weathering in which bonds of the mineral are changed as it water. One instance of hydration occurs as the reacts with groundwater. The water into gypsum, one of the most common Earth

24. #144Practice set
    Which of the following statements is/are incorrect to Diastrophic forces of nature? 1. They are very slow forces whose effects are observable only after thousands of years. 2. They are a part of Exogenetic forces. 3. They are restricted to a small area under the influence of local weathering agents.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 only
    • B1 and 2 only
    • C3 only
    • D2 and 3 only
    Answer: (D) 2 and 3 only
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct l is correct: Diastrophic forces are caused due originating from within the Earth. They operate and their effects become recognizable only and millions of 2 is incorrect: Diastrophic force is a Endogenetic forces along with sudden forces. These by forces deep inside the earth's surface. It is also subdivided into epeiriogenetic and orogenetic 3 is incorrect: Diastrophic forces are also constructive forces which affect larger areas of produce meso-level reliefs e.g. mountains, lakes, big faults, etc

25. #145Practice set
    Which one of the following statements is correct about Badland Topography? 1. A region with a large number of deep gullies or ravines is called a badland topography. 2. It is formed by the erosional activity of wind and water on soft sedimentary rocks. 3. It is a characteristic feature of Chambal basin.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 3 only
    • B2 only
    • C1 and 2 only
    • D1, 2 and 3
    Answer: (D) 1, 2 and 3
    Explanation

    d the cornet Topography is the result of gully or ravine are widespread in Chambal basin. So, it is feature of Chambal basin. This topography feature of arid and semi-arid regions which are formed erosional activity of wind and water on soft and clay rich soils. There are a number of that can be found in the Badlands topography. contains sandstones, siltstones, stones, limestones, volcanic ash, and shale. are not found in this type of topography

26. #146Practice set
    Consider the following statements with respect to the difference between alluvial plain and peneplains:Prncticebook H 1. Alluvial plains are depositional plains formed by active erosion in the upper course of rivers while peneplains are erosional plains. 2. Monadnocks are a conspicuous feature of both alluvial plains and peneplains.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (A) 1 only
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct plain is an area of lowland, either level or undulating. rises more than a few hundred feet above sea l is correct and Statement 2 is plains are depositional plains. Some of the plains are due to deposition by large erosion in the upper course results in large alluvium being brought down to the lower course to form extensive alluvial plains, flood plains plains. Example: Ganges are erosional plains. Erosional plains are the agents of erosion. Rain, rivers, ice and wind smooth out the irregularities of the earth's surface, terms of millions of years, even high mountains can to low undulating plains. Such plains of described as erosional remnants above the peneplain a few as monadnocks. E.g., Mount Monadnock in USA. Monaclnock usually are isolated hill standing above the general level of the Monadnocks are not a feature of alluvial plains

27. #147Practice set
    Consider the following statements in context of coastal topography of a region: 1. A gloup is formed due to the hydraulic action of waves against the roof of a cave. 2. A geo is formed by the action of waves eroding the lower portion of a cliff.Which of the statements given above is/ ae correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct Coastal Topography, waves splash against the roof of compressed air is trapped inside. Water forces out (gurgling water) or blow hole. Rate of erosion Nature of rocks, Amount of rocks exposed to sea and of tides. Both Gloup and geos are erosional as a resultant action of waves on coastal l is correct: The occasional splashing of against the roof of a cave may enlarge the air is compressed released repeatedly inside Action - waves splash against the coast and Waves breaking into the cave may force water or of this hole. As a result, a natural shaft is formed eventually pierce through the surface. Such a shaft Gloup or blow 2 is correct: The enlargement of continual action of waves weakens the cave roof. cave roof collapses, a long, narrow creek may as Geos. A geo is formed by the action of the lower portion of a cliff

28. #148Practice set
    In the hot desert areas, the outer layers of the rock expand from heat the day, and contract from rapid cooling during the night. Differential expansion and contraction due to diurnal range of temperature causes tension and stresses leading to the formation of parallel joints in the rocks. Which physical process has been described in the above paragraph?
    • AExfoliation
    • BAbrasion
    • CFreeze-Thawing
    • DAttrition G
    Answer: (A) Exfoliation
    Explanation

    Exp) Option a is the correct or mechanical weathering is the breakdown bedrock into smaller fragments ranging in size blocks or boulders to fine sand and silt by the hot desert areas, the outer layers of the rock heat in the day, and contract from rapid cooling night. Differential expansion and contraction due range of temperature causes tension and to the formation of parallel joints in the rocks. is termed exfoliation. Important Tips The sand blasting of rock surfaces by winds when they hurl sand particles against them is called Abrasion. Freeze-thaw weathering is a process of erosion that happens in cold areas where ice forms. A crack in a rock can fill with water which then freezes as the temperature drops. As the ice expands, it pushes the crack apart, making it larger. When wind borne particles roll against one another in collision they wear each other away so that their sizes are

29. #149Practice set
    Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding 'Denudation'? 1. It is an endogenetic process which brings the Earth's lithospheric surface to a common level. 2. It is the result of weathering, erosion and transportation. 3. The Annamalai Mountains in India have been subjected to denudational process.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 2 only
    • B2 and 3 only
    • C1 and 3 only
    • D1, 2 and 3
    Answer: (B) 2 and 3 only
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct great diversity of landforms on earth is the result of constructive and destructive external vigorously to wear away the I is incorrect. Denudation is an engaged in the destruction of the relief features away of the land surface created by the through their weathering, erosional and 2 is correct. Denudation is the result erosion and transportation. The weakening, breaking-up, rotting and of rocks at or near the earth's is followed by erosion, which is a process scratching and grinding of the surface rock by of natural agents like running water, ground ice, wind, waves and currents of the sea. Erosion is process which keeps the weathered rock material by picking it up and transporting 3 is correct. The Precambrian mountains or mountain like Annamalai and Nilgiris India and Laurentian mountains in Canada have to upheaval, denudation and metamorphism

30. #150Practice set
    With reference to the landforms of high glaciation, consider the following statements: 1. Ribbion lake formation begins when a glacier moves over an area containing alternate bands of hard and soft bedrock. 2. Cirques are knife-edged ridges formed when two Carries cut back on opposite sides of a mountain. 3. Aretes is a deep vertical crack at the head of a glacier, where it begins to leave the snowfield of a Corrie.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct generally gives rise to erosional features highlands and depositional features on the these processes are not mutually exclusive because plays a combined role of erosion, transportation throughout its course. A glacier erodes its two processes plucking and l is correct: A ribbon lake is a long and lake, usually found in a glacial formation begins when a glacier moves over an alternate bands of hard and soft valley which has been glaciated takes a -shape, with a wide, flat floor and very steep sides. disappearance of the ice, the deep sections of these glacial troughs may be filled with water 2 is incorrect: When two corries cut back sides of a mountain, knife-edged ridges called aretes. A well-known British example of is the Striding Edge on Helvellyn in three or more cirques cut back together, their will form an angular horn or pyramidal peak. of Switzerland is a

31. #151Practice set
    Which of the following conditions contribute to the formation of deserts? 1. Weathering 2. Deflation 3. Abrasion 4. Hydraulic action 5. AttritionSelect the correct answer using the codes given below
    • A1, 2, 3 and 4 only
    • B2, 3, 4 and 5 only
    • C1, 2, 3 and 5 only
    • D1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
    Answer: (C) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct Option X is correct: Weathering is the most potent reducing rocks to sand in arid regions. Even amount of rain that falls in the desert is small, to penetrate into the rocks and set up in the various 2 is correct: Deflation involves the lifting away of loose materials from the ground. sands and pebbles may be carried in or rolled along the ground depending on the The finer dust and sands may be removed miles their place of origin, and be deposited even outside margins. Deflation results in the lowering of the to form large depressions called deflation Qattara Depression of the Sahara Desert lies almost below sea 3 is correct: The sand-blasting of rock winds when they hurl sand particles against them abtasion. The impact ot such blasting results in being scratched, polished and worn away. most effective at or near the base of rocks, where of material the wind is ab

32. #152Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding Block Mountains: 1. They are formed due to faulting as a result of tensile and compressive forces. 2. Rhine Valley is an example of Block Mountain system.Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct mountains are created because of faulting on scale (when large areas or blocks of earth are vertically or l is correct. Block Mountains are the result caused by tensile and compressive forces endogenetic forces coming from within the mountains are formed due to upward movement block between two normal faults. The is also called as lowered blocks are called graben 2 is correct. Great African Rift Valley is of Block Mountain system. It is formed due causing the central portion to be let down adjacent fault blocks. It results into forming of graben valley, which will have steep examples of block mountain system are rhine and Hunsriick mountains

33. #153Practice set
    Which one of the following statements correctly describes the term 'Pedi plains or Pediments'?
    • AIt is aplain formed when a glacier deposits sediments at its terminus
    • BIt is a gently sloping bedrock surface created by lateral erosion or by mechanical weathering
    • CIt is a plain formed due to the past existence of a lake and its accompanying sediment accumulation
    • DIt refers to a plain that stretches from the banks of a river or stream to the enclosing valley walls. Practicebo di
    Answer: (B) It is a gently sloping bedrock surface created by lateral erosion or by mechanical weathering
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct plain refers to a flat area with little or no changes It is one of the world's major landforms. usually found at the foot of mountains, by the coasts, bottoms, or on the upper surface of is a gently sloping bedrock surface created erosion or by mechanical weathering. The which Pedi plains are formed is called The formation of a Pedi plain relies on is the force behind the creation of a pediment. and wind slowly erode and disintegrate rock reduce mountain ranges into a series of pediments base, and these pediments gently slope outward, coalesce with each other to form one large plain, the pediplain. Important Tips Outwash plain is formed by glaciers. Such a plain is formed when a glacier deposits sediments at its terminus. As a glacier moves, it erodes the bedrock and carries the eroded sediments downstream. Lacustrine plains are formed in areas previously occupied

34. #154Practice set
    In context to Salt Weathering, consider the following statements: 1. It is the chemical alteration of rock constituents by process of carbonation and hydrolysis of minerals. 2. Honeycombed stones in sea walls are an example of salt weathering.Which of the statements given above are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (B) 2 only
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct 1 is incorrect. Salt weathering is a form or physical weathering of rock. No of rock constituents is involved in salt is a geomorphic process resulting in the of rocks or stones and in the fretting of It is mainly due to the growth and expansion salts is result of periodic change in pressure and are agents associated with physical weathering factor affecting the effectiveness of salt weathering presence of moisture and its 2 is correct. Honeycombed structures in coastal areas. Salt weathering which has to be a major decay mechanism in a wide range of rock types occurs salt crystallization (or hydration) pressure the pores of a rock. At high supersaturation levels, can grow against confining pore walls, while a remains between the two solids (a process closely diagenetic pressure solution, displacive crystal pseudomorphic replacement). This leads to Honeycombed str

35. #155Practice set
    With reference to Mass Wasting, consider the following statements: 1. It is detachment and downward movement of material under the influence of gravity. 2. Rapid snowmelt can trigger mass wasting.Which of the above statements is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct l is correct. Mass movement is the downslope transport of soil and rock material under of disintegrated and fragmented rock materials due of weathering processes (mechanical, and biochemical) are called rock wastes. of rock waste en block down the hillslope is movement of rock waste or simply mass 2 is correct. Mass-wasting events often have something changes that causes a landslide to occur specific time. It could be rapid snowmelt, intense shaking, volcanic eruption, storm waves, rapid stream erosion, or human activities

36. #156Practice set
    With reference to the young fold mountains, consider the following statements: 1. These are formed only at divergent plate boundary. 2. These are in the formation stage and have not yet been eroded. 3. These have rounded peaks and gentler slopes.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone ok
    Answer: (D) None ok
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct relief features are recognizable for their and their slopes, some steeper than we distinguish two types of fold to their age - Old fold mountains and young 1 is incorrect: Fold mountains are often continental crust. They are created at convergent (not at divergent plate boundaries) continental collision zones or compression plate boundaries are sites of collisions, plates crash into each other. Compression set of stresses directed at one point in a rock or The Himalayan Mountain Range is the example of continental convergent (not boundaries. India and Asia crashed about 55 ago, slowly giving rise to the Himalayas, the system on Earth. Here, the Indian and are currently in collision. This tectonic collision the formation of the youngest fold mountains i.e., 2 is incorrect: young fold mountains both the processes of formation and but the rate of formation is greater

37. #157Practice set
    Which among the following is/are the economic importance associated with regions having karst topography? 1. These are the sources of large-scale groundwater supply. 2. They support Wetland farming. 3. They have high cultural and historical values for tourism.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 2 only
    • B2 only
    • C3 only
    • D1 and 3 only
    Answer: (D) 1 and 3 only
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct is a topography formed from the dissolution rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. characterized by underground drainage systems and l is to UNESCO "Groundwater in karst the most significant as well as the safest source water". It is estimated that karst aquifers about 25 of the world's drinking 2 is incorrect: Agriculture is not practiced in as they are often barren at best carry a thin soil. The porosity of the rocks the absence of makes vegetative growth difficult, hence usually support only poor grass. Thus, wetland not possible 3 is correct: Karst has high cultural and Many artifacts documenting early have been preserved in karst areas: most knowledge of our ancestors is based on karst landscapes around the world are often attractions especially in countries like Thailand South China Karst, a humid tropical to landscape is a UNESCO World Heritage site

38. #158Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding to the process of Weathering and Erosion? 1. Weathering is a process of decomposition of rocks whereas erosion is displacement of rocks. 2. Both weathering and erosion involves the transportation of material.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (A) 1 only
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct 1 is correct. The process of disintegration of rocks in situ through mechanical changes is called weathering. Weathering agents into three types- Physical or mechanical weathering agents; Chemical weathering agents; Biological Erosion is a process which includes the displacement of existing rocks and the product site of destruction. Its agents are running water, and 2 is incorrect. Weathering is distinguished by the fact that erosion includes the the disintegrated rock and soil away from the site degradation. While weathering does not involve agent of transport

39. #159Practice set
    Which of the following is/are the characteristics of an Air Mass? 1. It has almost uniform physical properties. 2. Their properties are determined by the underlying region from where they originate.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2 7 4
    Answer: (B) 2 only
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct Volcanic landforms are determined by the composition of the lava and other ejected materials the surface of the l is incorrect. Caldera is enlarged form crater surrounded by steep walls from all sides. It is of either the subsidence of a crater or the violent eruptions of volcanoes. While craters are depression formed at the mouth of volcanic 2 is correct. Caldera is the most explosive earth's volcanoes. They are usually so explosive they erupt, they tend to collapse on themselves building any tall structure. The collapsed called calderas. Their explosiveness indicates that chamber supplying the lava is not only huge but in close 3 is correct. The less fluid lavas that violently form ash and cinder cones with large and steep slopes. They are typical of small in groups and exceeding 1,000 feet in lava flows are so viscous that they solidify after a When they are co

40. #160Practice set
    Consider the following statements about the Cool temperate western margin climate: 1. It is also referred to as Natal type of climate. 2. It is found in the Northern hemisphere only. 3. The natural vegetation of this climatic type is deciduous forestHow many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct canyon is a deep, narrow valley with steep sides. of rivers, the processes of weathering and tectonic activity create Grand Canyon is located in the U.S. state of is a product of tectonic uplift. The Grand Canyon is canyon in the United States. It has been carved as River culs lluuugli Llie Plateau. It lies south-western portion of the Colorado Plateau's arid climate produced many striking culminating in the Grand Canyon. The walls display a largely undisturbed cross the Earth's crust extending back some two billion Pueblo people considered the Grand Canyon a holy made pilgrimages to it. G Important Tips Royal Gorge is one of the deepest and narrowest canyons in Colorado. This regal ravine is divided by the Arkansas River and is a hotspot for rock climbing, and bungee-jumping. The Royai Gorge Bridge is actually the highest official jump platform in the world. Ante

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