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Geomorphology — UPSC Prelims Geography previous year questions — page 3

184 solved previous year questions on Geomorphology, papers from 1993 to 2022, drawn from UPSC CDS, UPSC CAPF, UPSC CSE Prelims. Each carries the printed answer key and the explanation from the source compilation.

1. #81Practice set
   With reference to volcanic landforms, consider the following statements: 1. Extrusive landforms are formed from the material thrown out to the surface during volcanic activity. 2. Shield Type Volcanic Landforms are mostly made up of basaltic lava and are not steep. 3. A mid-oceanic ridge is an underwater mountain range, formed along convergent plate boundaries.How many of the above statements are correct?
   • AOnly one
   • BOnly two
   • CAll three
   • DNone
   Answer: (B) Only two
   Explanation

   Option bis the correct I is correct. Extrusive landforms are formed thrown out to the surface during volcanic materials thrown out include lava flows, volcanic bombs, ash, dust and gases such as Sulphur compounds and minor amounts hydrogen and 2 is correct.Shield type volcanic landform by the eruption of highly fluid (low viscosity) travels farther and forms thinner flows than the lava erupted from a stratovolcano and therefore and mostly made of basaltic lava. Examples of are Kilauea and Mauna Loa in 3 is incorrect. A mid-oceanic ridge divergent plate boundaries (not convergent where new ocean floor is created as the plates spread apart. As the plates separate, rises to the seafloor, producing enormous of basalt. The speed of spreading affects the a ridge - slower spreading rates result in steep, while faster spreading rates produce much and more gentle slopes. The mid-ocean ridge is ex

2. #82Practice set
   In the context of Hotspot vukanism, consider the following statements: 1. It is fed by a region deep inside the earth which acts as a source of Volcanic eruption. 2. They are always located near plate boundaries.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
   • A1 only
   • B2 only
   • CBoth 1 and 2
   • DNeither 1 nor 2 GRAPHY
   Answer: (A) 1 only
   Explanation

   Option a is the correct I is correct. A hot spot is fed by a region the Earth's mantle from which heat rises through of convection. This heat facilitates the melting at the base of the lithosphere. The melted rock, magma, often pushes through cracks in the crust 2 is incorrect. Hot spot volcanism is it does not occur at the boundaries of plates, where all other volcanism occurs. Instead, at abnormally hot centers known as mantle plumes

3. #83Practice set
   Tectonic is responsible for whkh of the following? 1. Earthquakes 2. Volcanoes 3. Oceanic crustSelect the correct answer using the code given below
   • A1 and 3 only
   • B1 and 2 only
   • C2 and 3 only
   • D1, 2 and 3
   Answer: (D) 1, 2 and 3
   Explanation

   Option d is the correct l is correct. An earthquake is shaking of It is a natural event. It is caused due to release due to the tectonic activity beneath the earth. waves that travel in all directions. The release occurs along a fault. A fault is a sharp break in rocks. Rocks along a fault tend to move in As the overlying rock strata press them, locks them together. However, their tendency apart at some point of time overcomes the friction. result, the blocks get deformed and eventually, they one another abruptly. This causes a release of the energy wave's travel in all 2 is correct. Volcanoes form when one moves under another. Usually a thin, heavy plate sub ducts, or moves under, a continental plate. When this happens, the ocean plate the mantle. A volcano is a place where gases, ashes molten rock material lava - escape to the ground. contains a weaker zone called asthenosphere. It thi

4. #84Practice set
   Which among the following statements correctly describes pyrndastic flow?
   • AIt is lava that in solidified form is characterized by a ropy surface
   • BIt is a volcanic mudflow created when water and volcanic ash mix
   • CIt is a flow of a dense mix of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases
   • DIt is the flow of hot water that had been heated by the earth's interi or forces
   Answer: (C) It is a flow of a dense mix of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct pyrodastic flow is a dense, fast-moving flow of pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases. It may move as high as 200 m/s. Pyroclasts of different sizes as volcanic bombs, lapilli, and volcanic ash. Ash to be pyroclastic because it is a fine dust made volcanic rock. Important Tips Pahoehoe is lava that in solidified form is characterized by a smooth, billowy, or ropy surface. Aa is lava that has a rough, jagged, spiny, and generally clinker surface. Lahars are volcanic mudflows created when water and ash mix. Lahars can occur long after a volcanic eruption. Thermal springs are found anywhere in earth where water sinks deep enough beneath the surface to be heated by the interior forces

5. #85Practice set
   With reference to the distinction between Geysers and Hot Springs, consider the following statements: 1. The superheated water in hot springs is cooled before reaching the surface whereas in geysers the superheated water collects in underground pockets. 2. Unlike the hot springs, there is continuous spouting of hot water in Geysers. 3. In Hot springs the water is allowed to circulate to the surface and move freely whereas in Geyser's water is ejected explosively.How many of the statements given above are correct?
   • AOnly one
   • BOnly two
   • CAll three
   • DNone
   Answer: (B) Only two
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct springs and geysers are manifestations of volcanic are resulted from the interaction of magma or with solidified but still-hot igneous rocks Statement l is correct. Groundwater percolates rock into fractures deep underground, where a nearby magma chamber superheats the to a temperature above the boiling point of water pressure. In hot springs the rising superheated cooled below the boiling point by groundwater the surface. While in the in underground 2 incorrect. In Hot Springs there is ofhol while Geysers there Is with interval) spouting of 3 is correct. In Hot springs the water is circulate to the surface and move freely without While in Geyser the jet of water is usually an explosion which is often triggered off by out of the heated rocks

6. #86Practice set
   With reference to Hotspot Volcanism, consider the following statements: 1. It is a volcanic phenomenon that occurs at the boundaries of Earth's tectonic plates. 2. The Hawaiian Islands in Pacific Ocean is the result of Hotspot Volcanism.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
   • A1 only
   • B2 only
   • CBoth 1 and 2
   • DNeither 1 nor 2
   Answer: (B) 2 only
   Explanation

   Option b is the correct Hot-spot-volcanism is also called an intraplate describes volcanic activity that occurs within l is incorrect. Hot spot volcanism is it does not occur at the boundaries of plates, where all other volcanism occurs. Instead, at ahnormally hot centers known as mantle 2 is correct. Hawaii island in Pacific Ocean result of "hotspot volcanoes". The seamrrnnts a single hot spot and have been slowly transported in direction by the Pacific plate. Hot spot reach the surface of the water created the entire islands

7. #87Practice set
   Consider the following types of volcanoes and their associated features: 1. Shield volcanoes are cooler and have more viscous lava flows. 2. Cinder volcanoes have steep slopes but are smaller than other volcanoes. 3. Comoosite volcanoes are characterised by 73.,How many of the statements given above are correct?
   • AOnly one
   • BOnly two
   • CAll three
   • DNone
   Answer: (A) Only one
   Explanation

   Option a is the correct l is incorrect. In shield volcanoes, very basaltic lava flows. The lava spreads in a thin cooling These are the largest of all volcanoes world. A large, broad cone with sides sloping from the center are the features of these become explosive if somehow water gets into the they are characterised by 2 is correct. Cinder volcanoes contain as the magma hardens and breaks into pieces explosion. As a result, cinder cone volcanoes tend to than other types of volcanoes. They're very with a bowl-shaped crater at the Mt. Vesuvius is a famous cinder cone 3 is incorrect. Composite Volcanoes are characterised by eruptions of cooler viscous lavas than basalt. These volcanoes in explosive eruptions. Alung with lava, of pyrodaslic material and ashes find their the ground. This material accumulates in the the vent openings leading to formation of layers, makes the appear as compos

8. #88Practice set
   With reference to the volcanic activities, consider the following statements: I. The crust along the subducting plate forms the source material for magma. 2. Volcanism occurs only along divergent plate boundaries.Which of the statements given above are correct?
   • A1 only
   • B2 only
   • CBoth 1 and 2
   • DNeither 1 nor 2
   Answer: (A) 1 only
   Explanation

   Option a is the correct and that is closely connected with crustal where there are zones uf weakness due to or mountain folding. As temperature increases depth below the earth's crust, the interior of is in semi-molten state termed as magma. The released on the surface as lava which is emitted orifice or vet of a volcano during a volcanic l is correct: Magma is directly supplied below crust, in subduction zone the crust rubs cracks formed, magma rushes uul mantle to the surface of Earth via cracks. The magma is molten crust in subduction zone caused by rubbing heating, then it rushes out via first stage in creating a volcano is when mantle to melt because of extremely high pressure lowers, or Gdded. plate boundaries, the crust heats up as it the mantle. Also, ocean water is mixed in with lying on top of the subducting plate. This the melting point of the mantle material, 2 is incorrect:

9. #89Practice set
   Consider the following statements regarding acidic and bask lava empted during volcanic activities: 1. Acidic lava is richer in silica than basic lava. 2. Acidic lava forms lava domes while basic lava forms shield volcanoes.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
   • A1 only
   • B2 only
   • CBoth 1 and 2
   • DNeither 1 nor 2
   Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
   Explanation

   Option c is the correct answer. When magma flows or erupts onto Earth's surface, it is called lava. Lava is a mixture of minerals and contains smal I amounts of dissolved gases such as water vapour, carbon dioxide, and sulphur. There are two main types of lavas - basic lavas and acidic l is correct: Acidic lava has a high percentage while basic lava is poor in silica. As a result, acidic highly viscous with a high melting 2 is correct: Acidic lava flows slowly and steep sided cones or lava domes. They flow slowly travel far before solidifying. The rapid congealing in the vent obstructs the flow of the out-pouring in loud explosions throwing out may or pyro lava flows rapidly as thin sheets resulting in They flow quietly and due to their high flow readily with a speed of 10 to 30 miles per extensive areas spreading out as thin sheets distances before they solidify

10. #90Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding the volcanic and earthquake activities: 1. The greatest concentration of both volcanic and earthquake activities takes place in the Mediterranean-Himalayan belt. 2. Constant pressure formed by the contact surface between the Eurasian and Indian plate causes high seismic activity in the Himalayas. 3. About 80 percent of the world's active volcanoes are located in subduction zonesHow many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone tu ulcanic
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct volcanoes and mass movements are processes which are bound to occur and to the people and the l is incorrect. Regions of greater concentration of volcanoes are the Around of earthquakes and volcanic in Circum-Pacific belt (The Pacific Ring of Fire). of the Mediterranean region are associated folds and there exist no active volcano at all in region. While of earthquakes take place Himalayan-Mediterranean 2 is correct. The Himalayan region is known hotbed of seismic activities because the Himalayas due to the collision of the Indian plate with plate 40-50 million years ago. The Indian been sliding under the Eurasian plate ever since. process is not over. The contact surface between plates is where pressure builds up and causes 3 is correct. Subduction volcanoes are the type. About 80 percent of the world's are located in subduction zones, where plate is thrust and c

11. #91Practice set
    With reference to igneous rocks, consider the following statements: 1. Igneous rocks generally occur as stratified rocks. 2. Igneous rocks are considered as good source of coal and petroleum. 3. Gab bro is an example of igneous rocks.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct l is incorrect: The igneous rocks are and unstratified. They show distinct signs of from a high temperature. 2 is incorrect: Igneous rocks are to be the They are not considered as good source of coal because they are not arranged as strata rocks and thus do not contain fossils. resistant to vveathering, fine to coarse 3 is correct: Gabbro is an example of Nearly all gabbros are found beneath the Granite, pegmatite, basalt, volcanic breccia and some other examples of igneous rocks. Important Tips Igneous Rock: When magma in its upward movement cools and turns into solid form it is called igneous rock. The process of cooling and solidification can happen in the earth's crust or on the surface of the earth. They are also known as primary rocks. Igneous rocks can be divided into groups depending upon the conditions under which they solidify. They are

12. #92Practice set
    Which of the following are primarily the examples of Sedimentary Rocks? 1. Conglomerate '2. Coquina 3. Andesite 4. Dolomite 5. GabbroSelect the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1, 2 and 4 only
    • B1, 2, 4 and 5 only
    • C2, 4 and 5 only
    • D1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
    Answer: (A) 1, 2 and 4 only
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks of once-living organisms. They form from accumulate on the Earth's surface. Sedimentary have distinctive layering or l is correct: Conglomerate is a elastic that contains large (greater than two millimeters rounded 2 is correct: Coquina is a type of of calcium carbonate shells, shell fragments, sand-sized fossil 3 is incorrect: Andesite is a fine-grained, rock composed mainly of plagioclase with such as hornblende, pyroxene, and 4 is correct: Dolomite (also known as "dolomite rock") is a chemical sedimentary rock very similar to limestone. It is thought to form or lime mud is modified by 5 is incorrect: Gabbro is a coarse-grained, dark colored, intrusive igneous rock that contains and sometimes olivine

13. #93Practice set
    Consider the followings statements: 1. Rocks in cold and dry climates always experience faster rates of chemical weathering than rocks in hot and wet climates. 2. The rate of biological weathering is most rapid in the desert ecosystem under windy conditions. 3. Calcite rocks are characterised by quick weathering due to richness in calcium.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct l is incorrect: Chemical weathering as temperatures rise with rain. Thus, rocks and wet climates experience faster rates of than do rocks in cold, dry 2 is incorrect: Biological weathering living organisms break up rocks. Tree roots, can fracture rocks in the same way they Warm, humid climates are most favourable to rates of biological weathering are most rapid in climates like those in tropical regions and not ecosystem due lack of wet 3 is correct: Certain types of rocks are to different types of weathering, while others stable. Calcite is a type of rock that weathers to the fact that it is rich in calcium. Rocks and magnesium also tend to weather rapidly, is a stable type of rock. Important Tips Weathering: Weathering is defined as mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks through the actions of various elements of weather and climate. Weath

14. #94Practice set
    'These types of rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock (magma from beneath the earth's crust. They are normally crystalline in structure and do not occur in strata (layers)? Which one of the following rocks is described in the above paragraph
    • ASedimentary Rocks
    • BMetamorphic Rocks
    • CIgneous Rocks
    • DCalcareous Rocks
    Answer: (C) Igneous Rocks
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct rocks (from the Latin word for fire) form when rock crystallizes and solidifies. The melt within the Earth near active plate boundaries or then rises toward the surface. They are in structure and do not occur in strata to extreme temperature during formation, they of any fossils. Important Tips Origin of igneous rocks

15. #95Practice set
    Consider the following statements with reference to different types of rocks: 1. Sedimentary rocks are stratified and noncrystalline. 2. Igneous rocks contain a large quantity of fossils. 3. Limestone is a type of metamorphic rock.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct 1 is correct- Sedimentary are (exist as layers) in different rock beds and source of fossil fuels. They do not have any as those of igneous rocks. Thus, they are 2 is incorrect- Igneous rocks contains no or fossils because of its formation from the hot It is sedimentary rocks which contains large 3 is incorrect-Limestone is type of which is formed organically. Limestone converts under heat and pressure. The marble thus formed metamorphic rock. GEO Important Tips Sedimentary' rocks are formed from sediment accumulated over long periods, usually under water. They are distinguished from the other rock types in their characteristic layer formation and are termed stratified rocks. Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination of these factors. Calcareous rocks are a type of sedim

16. #96Practice set
    Consider the following statements about the metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. 1. In metamorphism, recrystallisation and reorganisation of minerals occurs within rocks. 2. In metamorphic rocks, minerals get arranged in layers or lines by the process known as foliation. 3. Slate, gneiss and schist are some of the examples of metamorphic rocks.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct l is correct: Metamorphism occurs when rocks down to lower levels of the Earth by tectonic when molten magma rising through the crust comes with the crustal rocks or the underlying rocks to great amounts of pressure by overlying is a process by which already undergo recrystallisation and reorganisation within original 2 is correct: In the process of some rocks grains or minerals get arranged in lines. Such an arrangement of minerals or grains rocks is called foliation or 3 is correct: Some of the well-known metamorphosed rocks are as follows: clay may into slate, limestone into marble, quartzite, granite into gneiss, shale into schist and graphite

17. #97Practice set
    Which of the following statements are correct regarding the rocks of Earth's Crust? 1. Igneous rocks are formed out of recrystallizationand reorganization of existing rocks. 2. Sedimentary rocks are formed through the process of lithification. 3. Metamorphic rocksform under the action of pressure volume and temperature changes.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 2 only
    • B2 and 3 only
    • C1 and 3 only
    • D1, 2 and 3
    Answer: (B) 2 and 3 only
    Explanation

    Option b) is l is Incorrect: Igneous -in Latin means Rocks are solidified form of magma and magma in its upwardmovement cools and turns form it iscalled igneous rock. The process of can happen in the earth's crustor on of the earth.Granite, gabbro, are some of the examples of igneous 2 is rocks are sediments transported by exogenous agencies. are depositedin the form of layers and rocksthrough compaction. This process is known Sedimentary rocks are also called Sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, shale, loess of Sedimentary 3 is word metamorphic of form'. Metamorphic rocksform under the pressure volume and temperature a process by which alreadyconsolidated rocks and reorganisation of materials and Gneiss are examples of these GRAPHY

18. #98Practice set
    With respect to Igneous rocks, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. Felsic igneous rocks are denser and darker in color than Mafic rocks. 2. They occur in strata and have a rich fossil presence. 3. As compared to volcanic rocks, plutonic rocks have a larger crystal size. GESelect the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 3 only
    • B2 only
    • C3 only
    • D2 and 3 only
    Answer: (C) 3 only
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct l is incorrect. Felsic igneous rocks are made acidic lava and have high portion of silica which less dense and lighter in color as compared to rocks are made of basic lava and have higher aluminum and 2 is incorrect. Igneous rocks normally have structure. They do not occur in strata. not contain any fossils either. This is because they directly from lava or magma, not rocks have a rich fossil 3 is correct. Volcanic rocks (extrusive are formed due to solidification of lava at the Earth. They solidify rapidly and as a result it has a size. Basalt is a common example of it. Whereas rocks (intrusive igneous rocks), solidification is at great depths and rate of cooling is much a result of which size of crystal is very large. Granite is of the plutonic rocks

19. #99Practice set
    to roe!, cycle, consider the following statements: 1. Sun plays an important role in the rock cycle on Earth. 2. For a planet to have an active rock cycle, hot core is needed to drive mantle convection. 3. Granite undergoes metamorphism and form Gneiss.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct l is correct. The rock components of the slowly but constantly being changed from one another and the processes involved is known as the It is driven by two forces: earth's internal heat cycle movement of water which is sun. Thus, sun plays an important role in the rock 2 is correct. Rock cycle is still active on our core is hot enough to keep the mantle leads to slow and significant changes on earth's crust. of moon, the rock cycle is virtually dead because is no longer hot enough to drive mantle 3 is correct. Granite is an igneous rock. influence of favorable conditions of temperature it undergoes metamorphism and form Gneiss

20. #100Practice set
    Consider the following statements with reference to sedimentary rocks: 1. Formation of sedimentary rocks involves the weathering of pre-existing rocks. 2. Sedimentary rocks contain fossils. 3. Sedimentary rocks typically occur in layers.How many of the above statements are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct l is correct. Their formation involves of preexisting rock, transportation of away from the original site, deposition of material in the sea or in some other followed by compaction and 2 is correct. Fossils are the preserved ancient plants and animals. Sedimentary fossils because, unlike other rocks, they form and pressures that do not destroy plant 3 is correct. They typically occur in layers, separated one from the other by bedding planes in composition

21. #101Practice set
    With reference to Paleomagnetism, consider the following statements: 1. Palaeomagnetism is the fossil magnetism that is retained in certain rocks. 2. The older rocks exhibit more reliable magnetism as compared to younger rocks. 3. Compared to granitic rocks, basaltic rocks have better magnetic properties due to higher iron levels. 4. It has been demonstrated that the orientation of the earth's magnetic field has frequently changed over geologic timeHow many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • COnly three
    • DAll four lllr Practiceboo
    Answer: (C) Only three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct is the study of the direction of pole Magnetically susceptible minerals like etc. get vrith the magnetic the earth and recorded in the solidification of that 1 is correct: Palaeomagnetism is magnetism that is retained in certain is also the science which deals with of natural remanent magnetism of the geological is preserved in the 2 is incorrect: It is not easy to reconstruct of normal and reversal oi the magnetic poles Earth for entire geological past due to many fading of magnetic memory. The are that the older rocks may not exhibit magnetism because of multiple tectonic the palaeomagnetism is lost due to increased the rock during 3 is correct: Basalt which is rich in iron to granite) makes up most of the ocean floor. the magnetism prevailing at the time of their minerals in basalt align themselves in the direction magnetic 4 is correct: Palaeomagnetism primari

22. #102Practice set
    Consider the following pairs with respect to the transformation of rocks into metamorphic rocks:Original Ro.cks Metamorphosed Rocks 1. Limestone Slate 2. Granite Gneiss 3. Sandstone QuartziteHow many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option bis the correct rocks whether igneous or sedimentary may or changed rocks under great heat Their original character and appearance greatly altered by such forced, particularly earth movements. In this manner, day may into slate, limestone into into quartzite, granite into gneiss, shale and coal into graphite

23. #103Practice set
    Which of the following rocks are organically formed sedimentary rocks? 1. Peat 2. Sandstone 3. Geyserite 4. ChertSelect the correct answer using the codes given below
    • A1, 2 and 4 only
    • B1 and 3 only
    • C2 and 3 only
    • D2 and 4 only
    Answer: (B) 1 and 3 only
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct rocks are formed by lithification compaction of sediments. They are layered or stratified thickness. Depending upon the mode of rocks are classified into: Mechanically Rocks, Organically formed and Chemically formed Sedimentary Formed Sedimentary Rocks: These rocks from the remains of plants and animals. They under sediments, and due to heat and pressure overlying layers, their composition changes. Coal (Peat limestone and geyserite are well-known on the predominance of calcium content carbon content, sedimentary rocks may be chalk, dolomite) or carbonaceous (coal). Important Tips Mechanically Formed Sedimentary Rocks: They are formed by mechanical agents like running water, wind, ocean currents, ice, etc. Arenaceous sedimentary rocks have more sand and bigger sized particles and are hard andporous. They form thebest reservoirs for liquids like groundwater and pet

24. #104Practice set
    Consider the following statements: 1. The rocks which allow water to pass through them due to cracks or defects are known as porous rocks. 2. Pervious rocks are essential features of hydrocarbon reservoirs. 3. Permeability accounts for extraction of underground water.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct l is incorrect. Porous rock contains empty which fluids, such as compressed air can be pervious rocks are the rocks which allow water through it due to cracks or defects. Pervious crystals absorb little or no water but the rock numerous joints or cracks through which water pass. Statement illustrated is incorrect because inhibit features of pore spaces not cracks and 2 is incorrect. Porous rock is an essential hydrocarbon reservoirs. Oil or gas ( or both) is source layers, migrates upwards by displacing is trapped by overlying layers that will not to move further upwards. Porous hydrocarbon reservoirs can be divided into elastics Clastics such as sandstone are composed of normally deposited in riverbeds over long periods and covered and compressed over geological 3 is correct. Porosity is a measure of how can be stored in geological materials. Almost all some poro

25. #105Practice set
    to 'Metamorphic Rocks', consider the following statements: 1. These rocks are formed by recrystallisation and reorganisation of materials within original rocks. 2. Orogenic movement is one of the factors responsible for formation of these rocks. 3. Quartzite is a metamorphic rock formed from sandstone. k GEHow many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is correct: Metamorphic Rocks are formed process by which recrystallisation and minerals occur within an original rock. This to pressure, volume and temperature changes. are forced down to lower levels by tectonic processes or when molten magma rising through the crust comes with the crustal rocks, metamorphosis 2 is correct: Causes of Metamorphism are: Orogenic (Mountain Building) Movements: Such movements often take place with an interplay of folding, warping and high temperatures. These processes give existing rocks a new appearance. Lava Inflow: The molten magmatic material inside the earth's crust brings the surrounding rocks under the influence of intense temperature pressure and causes changes in them. Geodynamic Forces: The omnipresent geodynamic forces such as plate tectonics also play an important role in 3 is correct: The change of form or of minerals

26. #106Practice set
    Consider the following statements regarding Igneous Rocks: 1. They can be easily identified by its unique stratified layered formation. 2. These rocks are un-fossiliferous due to their origin under conditions of high temperatures. 3. Volcanic igneous rocks are formed by slow cooling of magma at great depths.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone CDT, SFS Plate Tectonic Theory
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct rocks (from the Latin word for fire) form when rock crystallizes and solidifies. The melt within the Earth near active plate boundaries or then rises toward the l is incorrect: Igneous rocks are formed cools and solidifies. The process of cooling can happen in the earth's crust or on of the earth. Igneous rocks are classified based Texture depends upon size and arrangement or other physical conditions of the materials. They stratified rocks are formed by lithification and (layered) 2 is correct: Generally Igneous rocks do any fossils because of extreme high its formation process. Any fossils in the will have melted when the rock melts to form 3 is incorrect: Extrusive igneous rocks (Lava rocks) are formed by sudden cooling of magma the surface or lava above the surface. This results and smooth grains in rocks as rapid cooling as a result, such rocks are fine-grain

27. #107Practice set
    With reference to plate boundaries, consider the following statements: 1. Island arcs are the feature observed at the convergent plate boundary. 2. Volcanic eruptions at the diverging plate boundaries are more violent than those observed at the converging plate boundaries. 3. Rift valley is seen at the divergent plate boundary. 4. Earthquake's arc abscnl al Lhe transform plate boundary.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • COnly three
    • DAll four
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct l is correct: Island arcs are long curved chains islands found along the convergent tectonic Island arcs result due to the interaction of crust where they converge and form the For example, Japanese 2 is incorrect: Volcanoes observed at the boundary are less violent than those appearing at zone of convergent plate boundary. The the magma at convergent site is more viscous and it volatile material (mostly 3 is correct: Rift valley is a linear shaped that is found between the mountain ranges. It when Earth's tectonic plates move apart or valleys are found both on land and at the bottom of where they are created by the process of example, Easl African rifl 4 is incorrect: The third type of plate where tectonic plates slide horizontally past This is known as a transform plate boundary. As rub against each other, huge stresses can cause the rock to break, resulting in

28. #108Practice set
    Consider the following statements about the "Intermontane plateaus": 1. These are generally formed because of the continual denudation by agents like water streams and glaciers. 2. These are some of the highest and the most extensive plateaus in the world. 3. The Deccan plateau is an example of intermont plateau.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (A) Only one
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct l is incorrect: Intermontane plateaus are a tectonic plateaus formed by earth movements which and are normally of a considerable size, and altitude. When the plateaus arc enclosed by mountains, they are known as intermont plateaus formed from denudation are known plateaus. E.g., Scottish 2 is correct: Intermontane plateaus are by mountain rims and contained by high They feature almost horizontal rock strata that to great heights by vertical earth movements. are considered as some of the highest and the plateaus in the 3 is incorrect: The Deccan plateau is volcanic plateau. However, the Tibetan plateau the Himalayas in the south and the in north is an example of lntermont plateau. The plateau located between the ranges of the Andes example

29. #109Practice set
    In context of plate tectonics theory, which among the following landform is/ are present along a subduction zone? 1. Deep ocean trench 2. Forearc basin 3. Chain of volcanic island arcs 4. Accretionary wedgesSelect the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 and 2 only
    • B1, 3 and 4 only
    • C3 and 4 only
    • D1, 2, 3, and 4
    Answer: (D) 1, 2, 3, and 4
    Explanation

    Option d is the correct location on which sinking of a tectonic plate called a subduction zone. There are three ways in can occur. These are: between an oceanic and continental plate; between two oceanic plates; and between two continental ocean trenches, Fold mountains with island arcs, and seismic fault lines are features that can form along converging plate Other features include accretionary basins, backarc basins and remnant is Oceanic trenches are formed Oceanic meet continental plates water, so trenches are formed as the oceanic plate the continenbl plate. Thesr trenches can be very the plate that Vi (going down) is an older arc less dense and will be 2 J.s Forearc basins are between the and the trench, whereas the backarc is behind the These basins catch sediment (dirt and small rocks away in rain) runoff from the island 3 is correct. Volcanic arcs form parallel to As one plate d

30. #110Practice set
    Consider the following statements: 1. Plate Tectonics has empowered geologists to predict an earthquake a few days in advance. 2. The point on the surface of the earth which first experiences the earthquake waves is called the epicentre.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (B) 2 only
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct earthquake is an intense shaking of Earth's surface. is caused by movements in Earth's outermost l is incorrect. As for now, we cannot an earthquake will happen. The only thing do is to forecast an earthquake: they know that on certain RAPHY segments of certain faults an earthquake is due, the past earthquake records (in corals and because of the strain built-up by the plates' whether that earthquake will happen tomorrow, years or in a hundred years is currently 2 is correct. When the blocks of earth and eventually, slide past one another causes a release of energy, and the energy waves all directions. The point where the energy is released the focus of an earthquake, alternatively, it is hypocentre. The energy waves travelling in reach the surface. The point on the to the focus, is called epicentre. It is the first one the waves. It is a point directly above the

31. #111Practice set
    What will happen when the Earth's Plate Tectonics movement stops? 1. The height of Mt Everest will get reduced gradually. 2. The Formation of the new continental and oceanic crust will be stopped.Select the correct answer using the code given below
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct I is correct. The Himalayan Mountain range as the Indian tectonic plate collided into the about 50 million years ago. The process continues which causes the height of the mountain range every year. The peak of Mt Everest rises in height 2 cm each year due to plate in the absence of such plate movements, there is that the height of Mt Everest may gradually a result of erosion. Erosion would wear the and with no tectonic activity to refresh them, over million years they would erode down to low rolling as a result the whole planet would be much flatter in 2 is correct. According to the Plate the oceanic crust has its origin at the mid The oceanic crust originates from the and spreads towards the continents and then it to magma again and it with oceanic crust, continental crust is created by At convergent plate boundaries, where crash into each other, continental crus

32. #112Practice set
    Consider the following statements with reference to the Indian plate movement: 1. The Indian plate's movement in the northern direction is a type of convergent boundary interaction. 2. The boundary between Indian and the Antarctic plate is a type of divergent boundary.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct l is correct. The Indian plate's movement northern direction is a type of convergent The Indian plate is moving northward with the Eurasian plate. The subduction zone Himalayas forms the northern plate boundary in of continent-continent 2 is correct. The boundary between Indian Antarctic plate is a type of divergent boundary. in through West-East direction and merging into site, a little south of New Indo-African boundary is also divergent

33. #113Practice set
    Consider the following statements: 1. Mid oceanic ridges are found near Convergent plate boundary. 2. Volcanic Island arcs are found near Divergent plate boundary.Which of the statements given above is/are incorrect?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct 1 is incorrect: Mid-Ocean ridges occur plate boundaries, where new ocean floor as the Earth's tectonic plates spread apart. As separate, molten rock rises to the seafloor, volcanic eruptions of 2 is incorrect: When two oceanic plates each other, the older and therefore heavier of subducts beneath the other, initiating volcanic a manner similar to that which occurs at an oceanic continental convergent plate boundary and forming island arc

34. #114Practice set
    The Nazca Plate is located between the
    • APacific Plate and South American Plate
    • BPacific Plate and African Plate
    • CPacific Plate and Eurasian Plate
    • DSouth American Plate and Scotia Plate
    Answer: (A) Pacific Plate and South American Plate
    Explanation

    Option a is the correct Nazca plate include convergence towards the east South-American plate and divergence with the and Cocos Plates

35. #115Practice set
    Consider the following statements: 1. Tectonic Plate theory lacked a geological mechanism to explain how the continents could drift across the earth's surface. 2. Wegener's hypothesis provided this missing geological mechanism to explain movement of continents.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2
    Answer: (D) Neither 1 nor 2
    Explanation

    Option dis the correct l is incorrect: The mobile rock beneath the of the Earth is believed to be moving in a The heated material rises to the surface, spreads to cool, and then sinks back into deeper depths. is repeated over and over to generate what a convection cell or convective flow. Heat within comes from two main sources: radioactive decay heat. The slow movement of hot, softened lies below the rigid plates is the driving force plate movement. Thus, Plate tectonic provided to explain movement of 2 is incorrect: Wegener suggested that responsible for the drifting of the caused by pole-fleeing force and tidal force. The polar fleeing force relates to the rotation of the earth. The is due to the attraction of the moon and the sun tides in oceanic waters. However, most of these forces to be totally inadequate. Therefore, a geological mechanism to explain how the drift across the earth

36. #116Practice set
    Consider the following statements: 1. Tectonic Plateaus are normally of a considerable size, and fairly uniform altitude. 2. Dissected plateaus are formed by continuing process of weathering and erosion.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    • A1 only
    • B2 only
    • CBoth 1 and 2
    • DNeither 1 nor 2 Geomorphic Rocesses and Landforms
    Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
    Explanation

    Option c is the correct plateau is a flat-topped table land. Plateaus occur in and take up a third of the Earths land. They of the four major landforms, along with and l is correct. Tectonic Plateaus are formed movements which causes uplift, and are normally of size, and fairly uniform altitude. They blocks like the Deccan Plateau in 2 is correct. A dissected plateaus are the continual process of weathering and erosion water, ice and winds, high and extensive plateaus worn down. Sometimes weathering and narrow valleys in the plateau which is then Dissected plateaus. Example of this type is Geomorphk Roc.esses acnd'.Landforins

37. #117Practice set
    With reference to the chemical weathering phenomena, consider the following statements: 1. Carbonation process speeds up with a decrease in temperature. 2. In oxidation, rocks containing iron turn to rust. 3. Chemical hydrolysis process results in decrease of the volume of rock. 4. Under the soil cover, chemical weathering of rock becomes extremely slow.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • COnly three
    • DAll four
    Answer: (B) Only two
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct l is correct: Carbonation is the process in carbon dioxide leads to solution process speeds up with a decrease in therefore is a large feature of glacial weathering dioxide is more soluble at lower as opposed to 2 is correct: In the process of oxidation, works on rocks that contain iron. These to rust in the process. As rust expands, it and helps break it apart. The minerals most in this process are iron, manganese, sulphur 3 is incorrect: Hydrolysis is any in which a molecule of water breaks one or bonds. Minerals take up water and expand; causes an increase in the volume of the or 4 is incorrect: Under the soil cover, of rock becomes enhanced and fast. This the soil absorbs rainwater and keep the under in contact with the moisture. Important Tips Chemical Weathering changes the molecular structure of rocks and soil. It involves multiple modes like Solution, Carb

38. #118Practice set
    It is a collection of broken rock fragments at the base of a cliff or other mass that has accumulated through periodic rock falls. It is result of physical and chemical weathering acting on a rock face. Which among the following explains the above description correctly?
    • APyroclast
    • BColluvium
    • CScrees
    • DSand dunes
    Answer: (C) Screes
    Explanation

    option c is the correct is a collection of broken rock fragments at the base of or other steep rocky mass that has accumulated rock falls. The term scree is applied both to steep mountain slope composed of rock other debris and to the mixture of rock fragments itself. It is result of physical and chemical on a rock face. GEO Important Tips - Pyrodast: A pyroclastic flow is a dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and gases. It occurs as part of certain volcanic eruptions. A pyroclastic flow is extremely hot, burning anything in its path. Colluvium: Soil transported by the gravitational force is called Colluvium soil. Colluvium is a type of matrix material that has been moved downslope because of gravity. Colluvium is a heterogeneous, unsorted material of all particle sizes (from boulders to clay) that requires relatively little abrasion to round the particles. A

39. #119Practice set
    In the context of the type of weathering, consider the following: 1. Tree roots penetrating the soil 2. Burrowing by organisms 3. Acids produced by algae 4. Cryofracturing 5. ExfoliationWhich of the above options is/are the form of biological weathering?
    • A1, 2, 3 and 5 only
    • B1, 2 and 3 only
    • C2, 4 and 5 only
    • D1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
    Answer: (B) 1, 2 and 3 only
    Explanation

    Option b is the correct of Biological roots: Some trees grow within rocks, which biological weathering. As the roots penetrate the pass through cracks or joints in the rocks, the rock apart. Larger growing roots can also on nearby rocks. Some plant roots also acids that help dissolve the minerals in rocks. l is animals: Some animals, such as moles, rabbits, can create fissures in rocks. These suck up the nutrients from the rock by fissure. It gradually breaks the rock into large option 2 is activity: Organic acids are produced organisms such as algae, moss, lichens, This changes the chemical composition of the gradually erodes its outer layer. (Hence option 3 is caused by water, in either liquid or is a key agent of mechanical weathering. 4 is is caused due to thermal stress. can also contribute to mechanical weathering in called thermal stress. (Hence option 5 is incorrect.)

40. #120Practice set
    With reference to the significance of weathering, consider the following statements: 1. Weathering tends to help in soil enrichment. 2. Weathering helps in the mining and quarrying of the rocks. 3. It also helps in and concentrations of minerals.How many of the statements given above are correct?
    • AOnly one
    • BOnly two
    • CAll three
    • DNone
    Answer: (C) All three
    Explanation

    option c is the correct 1 is correct: Weathering helps in soil weathering, the concentration of the same may not be sufficient and economically viable process, and 2 is correct: Weathering is the initial stage formation of soil. It produces other natural instance, clay which is used for making bricks. significance is weathering weakens rocks making them people to exploit, for example, by mining and 3 is correct: It aids erosion, mass wasting, relief, and modifications in landforms. Weathering helps in the augmentation and concentrations of of manganese, aluminium, iron, copper, etc. which great demand in the economy of the country

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