The concept of Purushartha, derived from Hindu philosophy, refers to the four goals of human
life—Dharma (righteousness), Artha (material prosperity), Kama (desires), and Moksha
(liberation). These four aims provide a balanced framework for ethical and meaningful
living, ensuring that individuals pursue material and emotional fulfillment while upholding
moral and spiritual values.
Ancient scholars like Kautilya (Arthashastra), Manu (Manusmriti), and Vatsyayana
(Kamasutra) emphasized the interdependence of these goals in leading a harmonious life.
Contemporary thinkers like Radhakrishnan (1949) and Daya Krishna (1997) argue that
Purushartha remains relevant today, guiding individuals in navigating modern ethical
dilemmas while balancing personal ambitions with social responsibilities.
The Importance of Purushartha in Modern Life
World
i.Contemporary Studies on the Understanding and Relevance of Purushartha in Today’s
● Kavitha Badjatya, in her study “The Concept of Puruṣārtha from the Present
Perspective: An Observation” (2024), examines how the traditional Hindu concept of
Purushartha (Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha) remains significant in contemporary
life. She argues that despite material advancements, modern individuals face growing
stress, ethical dilemmas, and a lack of purpose. The study highlights that Dharma
(ethical conduct) is essential in addressing corruption and moral decline in politics
and business, Artha (economic stability) must be pursued ethically, Kama
(fulfillment of desires) should be understood as a holistic concept beyond material
pleasure, and Moksha (self-realization) remains a timeless goal for inner peace.
Badjatya suggests that applying these principles in everyday life can help individuals
lead balanced and fulfilling lives in today’s fast-paced world.
● S. Devi, in her pioneering work “Harmony in Society Through Purusharthas” (2020),
argues that the Purushartha framework provides a foundation for ethical
governance, economic stability, cultural values, and spiritual fulfillment. The study
explores how Dharma ensures justice and social harmony, Artha encourages
responsible economic growth, Kama fosters personal well-being, and Moksha
contributes to philosophical and spiritual wisdom. Devi suggests that reintroducing
Purushartha-based values into education, governance, and corporate ethics can help
societies address contemporary challenges such as corruption, inequality, and
environmental degradation.
● Pramod Kumar Dash, in his pioneering study “Purusarthas: The Value Paradigms of
Human Life (The Bhagavad Gita Perspective)” (2023), examines how the Bhagavad
Gita provides a structured approach to Purushartha, guiding individuals in
navigating moral dilemmas. Dash discusses the contrasts between Dharma
(righteousness) and Adharma (unrighteousness), Artha (ethical wealth) and
Anartha (greed), and Kama (healthy desires) and Nishkama (detachment). The study
argues that understanding these distinctions is crucial for making ethical decisions in
politics, business, and personal life. Dash suggests that Purushartha-based
decision-making can help leaders and policymakers create sustainable and morally
responsible societies.
Conclusion:
The concept of Purushartha remains highly relevant in contemporary society, offering a holistic
framework for righteous living by integrating ethics (Dharma), material well-being (Artha),
emotional fulfillment (Kama), and spiritual growth (Moksha). From an anthropological
perspective, it reflects the cultural continuity of Indian philosophical traditions and their
adaptability to modern challenges
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